From 688121c5a154e047dc38b34e97ccdfeb54a8ba9d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: dkanus <dkanus@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 16 Sep 2025 08:22:54 +0700
Subject: [PATCH] Add first version of parser

---
 rottlib/Cargo.toml                       |   3 +-
 rottlib/src/arena.rs                     | 277 ++++++++++++++++
 rottlib/src/ast.rs                       | 376 +++++++++++++++++++++
 rottlib/src/diagnostics.rs               | 251 ++++++++++++++
 rottlib/src/lib.rs                       |   4 +
 rottlib/src/parser/cursor.rs             | 230 +++++++++++++
 rottlib/src/parser/errors.rs             |  95 ++++++
 rottlib/src/parser/grammar/block.rs      |  60 ++++
 rottlib/src/parser/grammar/control.rs    | 180 ++++++++++
 rottlib/src/parser/grammar/flow.rs       |  99 ++++++
 rottlib/src/parser/grammar/mod.rs        |   7 +
 rottlib/src/parser/grammar/pratt.rs      | 406 +++++++++++++++++++++++
 rottlib/src/parser/grammar/precedence.rs | 185 +++++++++++
 rottlib/src/parser/grammar/statements.rs | 185 +++++++++++
 rottlib/src/parser/grammar/switch.rs     | 227 +++++++++++++
 rottlib/src/parser/mod.rs                |  66 ++++
 rottlib/src/parser/pretty.rs             | 353 ++++++++++++++++++++
 rottlib/src/parser/recovery.rs           | 253 ++++++++++++++
 rottlib/src/parser/trivia.rs             | 297 +++++++++++++++++
 19 files changed, 3553 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)
 create mode 100644 rottlib/src/arena.rs
 create mode 100644 rottlib/src/ast.rs
 create mode 100644 rottlib/src/diagnostics.rs
 create mode 100644 rottlib/src/parser/cursor.rs
 create mode 100644 rottlib/src/parser/errors.rs
 create mode 100644 rottlib/src/parser/grammar/block.rs
 create mode 100644 rottlib/src/parser/grammar/control.rs
 create mode 100644 rottlib/src/parser/grammar/flow.rs
 create mode 100644 rottlib/src/parser/grammar/mod.rs
 create mode 100644 rottlib/src/parser/grammar/pratt.rs
 create mode 100644 rottlib/src/parser/grammar/precedence.rs
 create mode 100644 rottlib/src/parser/grammar/statements.rs
 create mode 100644 rottlib/src/parser/grammar/switch.rs
 create mode 100644 rottlib/src/parser/mod.rs
 create mode 100644 rottlib/src/parser/pretty.rs
 create mode 100644 rottlib/src/parser/recovery.rs
 create mode 100644 rottlib/src/parser/trivia.rs

diff --git a/rottlib/Cargo.toml b/rottlib/Cargo.toml
index 1d879c8..9a0146a 100644
--- a/rottlib/Cargo.toml
+++ b/rottlib/Cargo.toml
@@ -8,4 +8,5 @@ default = []
 debug = []
 
 [dependencies]
-logos = "0.15"
\ No newline at end of file
+logos = "0.15"
+bumpalo = { version = "3", features = ["boxed", "collections"] }
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/rottlib/src/arena.rs b/rottlib/src/arena.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f12111a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/rottlib/src/arena.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,277 @@
+//! Arena submodule defining types that exist in their own memory space and
+//! allow multiple cheap allocations (both performance- and fragmentation-wise).
+//!
+//! ## Memory safety
+//!
+//! Dropping the [`Arena`] frees all its memory at once and does not run
+//! [`Drop`] for values allocated within it. Avoid storing types that implement
+//! [`Drop`] or own external resources inside [`ArenaNode`], [`ArenaVec`], or
+//! [`ArenaString`]. If you must, arrange an explicit "drain/drop" pass before
+//! the arena is dropped.
+
+use core::fmt::{Debug, Display, Formatter, Result};
+use core::ops::{Deref, DerefMut};
+
+use bumpalo::{Bump, boxed, collections};
+
+use crate::ast::AstSpan;
+use crate::lexer::TokenLocation;
+
+/// Object that manages a separate memory space, which can be deallocated all
+/// at once after use.
+///
+/// All allocations borrow the arena immutably.
+///
+/// Dropping the [`Arena`] does not run [`Drop`] for values allocated within it
+/// (including values contained in [`ArenaNode`], [`ArenaVec`]
+/// and [`ArenaString`]).
+///
+/// This arena is not thread-safe (`!Send`, `!Sync`). Values borrow the arena
+/// and therefore cannot be sent across threads independently.
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub struct Arena {
+    bump: Bump,
+}
+
+impl Arena {
+    /// Creates a new, empty arena.
+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn new() -> Self {
+        Self { bump: Bump::new() }
+    }
+
+    /// Constructs an empty [`ArenaVec`] allocated in this arena.
+    ///
+    /// The returned vector borrows this arena and cannot outlive it.
+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn vec<T>(&self) -> ArenaVec<'_, T> {
+        ArenaVec(collections::Vec::new_in(&self.bump))
+    }
+
+    ///Allocates a copy of `string` in this arena and returns
+    /// an [`ArenaString`].
+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn string(&self, string: &str) -> ArenaString<'_> {
+        ArenaString(collections::String::from_str_in(string, &self.bump))
+    }
+
+    /// Allocates `value` in this arena with the given `span`,
+    /// returning an [`ArenaNode`].
+    ///
+    /// The node's storage borrows this arena and cannot outlive it.
+    ///
+    /// Note: `T`'s [`Drop`] is not run when the arena is dropped.
+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn alloc<T>(&self, value: T, span: AstSpan) -> ArenaNode<'_, T> {
+        ArenaNode {
+            inner: boxed::Box::new_in(value, &self.bump),
+            span,
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn alloc_between<T>(
+        &self,
+        value: T,
+        from: TokenLocation,
+        to: TokenLocation,
+    ) -> ArenaNode<'_, T> {
+        self.alloc(value, AstSpan { from, to })
+    }
+
+    pub fn alloc_at<T>(&self, value: T, at: TokenLocation) -> ArenaNode<'_, T> {
+        self.alloc(value, AstSpan { from: at, to: at })
+    }
+}
+
+impl Default for Arena {
+    fn default() -> Self {
+        Self::new()
+    }
+}
+
+/// An arena-allocated box with an attached source span.
+///
+/// Equality and hashing take into account both the contained `T` and the `span`
+/// (when `T: Eq + Hash`).
+///
+/// Note: `T`'s [`Drop`] is not run when the arena is dropped.
+#[derive(Hash, PartialEq, Eq)]
+pub struct ArenaNode<'arena, T> {
+    /// Value allocated in the arena; this node owns it.
+    inner: boxed::Box<'arena, T>,
+    /// Token range covered by the value.
+    span: AstSpan,
+}
+
+impl<'arena, T> ArenaNode<'arena, T> {
+    /// Creates a new [`ArenaNode`] by allocating `value` in `arena`.
+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn new_in(value: T, span: AstSpan, arena: &'arena Arena) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            inner: boxed::Box::new_in(value, &arena.bump),
+            span,
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Creates a new [`ArenaNode`] for an AST node that spans a single token.
+    pub fn from_token_location(
+        value: T,
+        token_location: crate::lexer::TokenLocation,
+        arena: &'arena Arena,
+    ) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            inner: boxed::Box::new_in(value, &arena.bump),
+            span: AstSpan {
+                from: token_location,
+                to: token_location,
+            },
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn span_mut(&mut self) -> &mut AstSpan {
+        &mut self.span
+    }
+
+    pub fn extend_to(&mut self, to: TokenLocation) {
+        self.span.to = to;
+    }
+
+    pub fn extend_from(&mut self, from: TokenLocation) {
+        self.span.from = from;
+    }
+
+    /// Returns the token span covered by this node.
+    pub fn span(&self) -> &AstSpan {
+        &self.span
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'arena, T> Deref for ArenaNode<'arena, T> {
+    type Target = T;
+
+    fn deref(&self) -> &T {
+        &self.inner
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'arena, T> DerefMut for ArenaNode<'arena, T> {
+    fn deref_mut(&mut self) -> &mut T {
+        &mut self.inner
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'arena, T: Debug> Debug for ArenaNode<'arena, T> {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut Formatter<'_>) -> Result {
+        f.debug_struct("ArenaNode")
+            .field("inner", &**self)
+            .field("span", &self.span())
+            .finish()
+    }
+}
+
+/// Version of [`Vec`] that can be safely used inside a memory arena.
+///
+/// Elements do not have their destructors run when the arena is dropped.
+///
+/// This type dereferences to `[T]` and supports iteration by reference
+/// (`&ArenaVec` and `&mut ArenaVec` implement [`IntoIterator`]).
+#[derive(Clone, Debug, Hash, PartialEq, Eq)]
+pub struct ArenaVec<'arena, T>(collections::Vec<'arena, T>);
+
+impl<'arena, T> ArenaVec<'arena, T> {
+    /// Creates an empty `ArenaVec` allocated in `arena`.
+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn new_in(arena: &'arena Arena) -> Self {
+        Self(collections::Vec::new_in(&arena.bump))
+    }
+
+    /// Appends an element to the end of the vector.
+    ///
+    /// Growth is backed by the arena; increasing capacity allocates new space
+    /// in the arena and never frees previous blocks.
+    pub fn push(&mut self, value: T) {
+        self.0.push(value)
+    }
+
+    pub fn reserve(&mut self, additional: usize) {
+        self.0.reserve(additional)
+    }
+    pub fn extend<I: IntoIterator<Item = T>>(&mut self, it: I) {
+        self.0.extend(it)
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'arena, T> Deref for ArenaVec<'arena, T> {
+    type Target = [T];
+
+    fn deref(&self) -> &Self::Target {
+        &self.0
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'arena, T> DerefMut for ArenaVec<'arena, T> {
+    fn deref_mut(&mut self) -> &mut Self::Target {
+        &mut self.0
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'arena, 's, T> IntoIterator for &'s ArenaVec<'arena, T> {
+    type Item = &'s T;
+    type IntoIter = core::slice::Iter<'s, T>;
+    fn into_iter(self) -> Self::IntoIter {
+        self.0.iter()
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'arena, 's, T> IntoIterator for &'s mut ArenaVec<'arena, T> {
+    type Item = &'s mut T;
+    type IntoIter = core::slice::IterMut<'s, T>;
+    fn into_iter(self) -> Self::IntoIter {
+        self.0.iter_mut()
+    }
+}
+
+/// Version of [`String`] that can be safely used inside a memory arena.
+///
+/// This type dereferences to [`str`] and implements [`AsRef<str>`] and
+/// [`core::borrow::Borrow<str>`] for ergonomic use with APIs expecting string
+/// slices.
+///
+/// The string borrows the arena and cannot outlive it. Dropping the arena
+/// frees its memory without running `Drop` for the string contents.
+#[derive(Clone, Debug, Hash, PartialEq, Eq)]
+pub struct ArenaString<'arena>(collections::String<'arena>);
+
+impl<'arena> ArenaString<'arena> {
+    /// Allocates a copy of `string` in `arena` and returns an [`ArenaString`].
+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn from_str_in(string: &str, arena: &'arena Arena) -> Self {
+        Self(collections::String::from_str_in(string, &arena.bump))
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'arena> Deref for ArenaString<'arena> {
+    type Target = str;
+
+    fn deref(&self) -> &Self::Target {
+        &self.0
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'arena> AsRef<str> for ArenaString<'arena> {
+    fn as_ref(&self) -> &str {
+        &self.0
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'arena> core::borrow::Borrow<str> for ArenaString<'arena> {
+    fn borrow(&self) -> &str {
+        &self.0
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'arena> Display for ArenaString<'arena> {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut Formatter<'_>) -> Result {
+        Display::fmt(&self.0, f)
+    }
+}
diff --git a/rottlib/src/ast.rs b/rottlib/src/ast.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..31d670a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/rottlib/src/ast.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,376 @@
+use crate::arena::ArenaVec;
+
+use super::lexer::TokenLocation;
+
+use core::fmt;
+
+use crate::arena::{Arena, ArenaNode, ArenaString};
+
+// All inclusive!
+#[derive(Debug, Hash, PartialEq, Eq, PartialOrd, Ord, Clone, Copy)]
+pub struct AstSpan {
+    pub from: TokenLocation,
+    pub to: TokenLocation,
+}
+
+impl AstSpan {
+    pub fn merge(left_span: &AstSpan, right_span: &AstSpan) -> AstSpan {
+        AstSpan {
+            from: left_span.from,
+            to: right_span.to,
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn new(single_location: TokenLocation) -> AstSpan {
+        AstSpan {
+            from: single_location,
+            to: single_location,
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn range(from: TokenLocation, to: TokenLocation) -> AstSpan {
+        AstSpan { from, to }
+    }
+
+    pub fn extend_to(&mut self, right_most_location: TokenLocation) {
+        if right_most_location > self.to {
+            self.to = right_most_location
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug)]
+pub enum PrefixOperator {
+    Not,
+    Minus,
+    BitwiseNot,
+    Increment,
+    Decrement,
+}
+
+#[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug)]
+pub enum PostfixOperator {
+    Increment,
+    Decrement,
+}
+
+#[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug)]
+pub enum InfixOperator {
+    // Assignments
+    Assign,
+    MultiplyAssign,
+    DivideAssign,
+    ModuloAssign,
+    PlusAssign,
+    MinusAssign,
+    ConcatAssign,
+    ConcatSpaceAssign,
+    // String operations
+    ConcatSpace,
+    Concat,
+    // Logical
+    And,
+    Xor,
+    Or,
+    // Bit-wise
+    BitwiseAnd,
+    BitwiseOr,
+    BitwiseXor,
+    // Not-equal
+    NotEqual,
+    // Comparison
+    Equal,
+    ApproximatelyEqual,
+    Less,
+    LessEqual,
+    Greater,
+    GreaterEqual,
+    ClockwiseFrom,
+    // Shifts
+    LeftShift,
+    LogicalRightShift,
+    RightShift,
+    // Terms
+    Plus,
+    Minus,
+    // Modulo
+    Modulo,
+    // Factor
+    Multiply,
+    Divide,
+    Dot,
+    Cross,
+    // Exponentiation
+    Exponentiation,
+}
+
+#[allow(clippy::large_enum_variant)]
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub enum Expression<'src, 'arena> {
+    Binary(
+        ExpressionRef<'src, 'arena>,
+        InfixOperator,
+        ExpressionRef<'src, 'arena>,
+    ),
+    LeftUnary(PrefixOperator, ExpressionRef<'src, 'arena>),
+    RightUnary(ExpressionRef<'src, 'arena>, PostfixOperator),
+
+    Identifier(&'src str),
+    String(ArenaString<'arena>),
+    Integer(i128),
+    Float(f64),
+
+    Bool(bool),
+    None,
+    Parentheses(ExpressionRef<'src, 'arena>),
+
+    Block {
+        // All these end with `;`
+        statements: ArenaVec<'arena, StatementRef<'src, 'arena>>,
+        // Last statement, but only if it doesn't end with `;`
+        tail: Option<ExpressionRef<'src, 'arena>>,
+    },
+    If {
+        condition: ExpressionRef<'src, 'arena>,
+        body: ExpressionRef<'src, 'arena>,
+        else_body: Option<ExpressionRef<'src, 'arena>>,
+    },
+    While {
+        condition: ExpressionRef<'src, 'arena>,
+        body: ExpressionRef<'src, 'arena>,
+    },
+    DoUntil {
+        condition: ExpressionRef<'src, 'arena>,
+        body: ExpressionRef<'src, 'arena>,
+    },
+    ForEach {
+        iterator: ExpressionRef<'src, 'arena>,
+        body: ExpressionRef<'src, 'arena>,
+    },
+    For {
+        init: Option<ExpressionRef<'src, 'arena>>,
+        condition: Option<ExpressionRef<'src, 'arena>>,
+        step: Option<ExpressionRef<'src, 'arena>>,
+        body: ExpressionRef<'src, 'arena>,
+    },
+    Switch {
+        selector: ExpressionRef<'src, 'arena>,
+        cases: ArenaVec<'arena, CaseRef<'src, 'arena>>,
+        // default case
+        default_arm: Option<ArenaVec<'arena, StatementRef<'src, 'arena>>>,
+        // last statement of the case block
+        tail: Option<ExpressionRef<'src, 'arena>>,
+    },
+    Goto(ArenaString<'arena>),
+    Continue,
+    Break(Option<ExpressionRef<'src, 'arena>>),
+    Return(Option<ExpressionRef<'src, 'arena>>),
+    // For injecting in place of parts that couldn't be parsed
+    // (along with text that wasn't able to be parsed)
+    Error,
+}
+
+pub type ExpressionRef<'src, 'arena> = ArenaNode<'arena, Expression<'src, 'arena>>;
+
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub struct VariableDeclarator<'src, 'arena> {
+    pub name: ArenaString<'arena>,
+    pub initializer: Option<ExpressionRef<'src, 'arena>>,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub struct SwitchCase<'src, 'arena> {
+    pub labels: ArenaVec<'arena, ExpressionRef<'src, 'arena>>, // UScript allows expressions; multiple labels ok
+    pub body: ArenaVec<'arena, StatementRef<'src, 'arena>>, // allow fallthrough unless a Break/Goto ends it
+}
+
+pub type CaseRef<'src, 'arena> = ArenaNode<'arena, SwitchCase<'src, 'arena>>;
+
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub enum Statement<'src, 'arena> {
+    // For the cases where user just used too many semi-colons `;;;;`
+    Empty,
+    Expression(ExpressionRef<'src, 'arena>),
+    // Just declarations without assignment:
+    // `local int i, j, k`
+    LocalVariableDeclaration {
+        type_name: ArenaString<'arena>,
+        identifiers: ArenaVec<'arena, ArenaString<'arena>>,
+    },
+    // Just `int i, j = 3, k = 0`
+    VariableDeclaration {
+        type_name: ArenaString<'arena>,
+        declarations: ArenaVec<'arena, VariableDeclarator<'src, 'arena>>,
+    },
+    Label(ArenaString<'arena>),
+    // For injecting in place of parts that couldn't be parsed
+    // (along with text that wasn't able to be parsed)
+    Error,
+}
+
+pub type StatementRef<'src, 'arena> = ArenaNode<'arena, Statement<'src, 'arena>>;
+
+impl<'src, 'arena> Expression<'src, 'arena> {
+    pub fn new_prefix(
+        arena: &'arena Arena,
+        op_position: TokenLocation,
+        op: PrefixOperator,
+        rhs: ArenaNode<'arena, Self>,
+    ) -> ArenaNode<'arena, Self> {
+        let span = AstSpan {
+            from: op_position,
+            to: rhs.span().to,
+        };
+        ArenaNode::new_in(Self::LeftUnary(op, rhs), span, arena)
+    }
+    pub fn new_postfix(
+        arena: &'arena Arena,
+        lhs: ArenaNode<'arena, Self>,
+        op: PostfixOperator,
+        op_position: TokenLocation,
+    ) -> ArenaNode<'arena, Self> {
+        let span = AstSpan {
+            from: lhs.span().from,
+            to: op_position,
+        };
+        ArenaNode::new_in(Self::RightUnary(lhs, op), span, arena)
+    }
+    pub fn new_binary(
+        arena: &'arena Arena,
+        lhs: ArenaNode<'arena, Self>,
+        op: InfixOperator,
+        rhs: ArenaNode<'arena, Self>,
+    ) -> ArenaNode<'arena, Self> {
+        let span = AstSpan::merge(&lhs.span(), &rhs.span());
+        ArenaNode::new_in(Self::Binary(lhs, op, rhs), span, arena)
+    }
+}
+
+/// Returns `true` for expressions that require `;` when used as a statement
+/// (i.e., everything except blocky control-flow forms).
+pub trait NeedsSemi {
+    fn needs_semicolon(&self) -> bool;
+}
+
+impl<'src, 'arena> NeedsSemi for Expression<'src, 'arena> {
+    #[inline]
+    fn needs_semicolon(&self) -> bool {
+        match self {
+            Expression::Block { .. }
+            | Expression::If { .. }
+            | Expression::While { .. }
+            | Expression::DoUntil { .. }
+            | Expression::ForEach { .. }
+            | Expression::For { .. }
+            | Expression::Error => false,
+
+            // All other expressions require `;` when used as a statement.
+            _ => true,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+// If `ArenaNode<T>` derefs to `T`, this works as-is.
+// Otherwise, replace `(**self)` with your accessor, e.g. `self.value()` or `self.get()`.
+impl<'src, 'arena> NeedsSemi for ExpressionRef<'src, 'arena> {
+    #[inline]
+    fn needs_semicolon(&self) -> bool {
+        (**self).needs_semicolon()
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'src, 'arena> NeedsSemi for Statement<'src, 'arena> {
+    #[inline]
+    fn needs_semicolon(&self) -> bool {
+        match self {
+            Statement::Empty | Statement::Label { .. } | Statement::Error { .. } => false,
+            // All other expressions require `;` when used as a statement.
+            _ => true,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+// If `ArenaNode<T>` derefs to `T`, this works as-is.
+// Otherwise, replace `(**self)` with your accessor, e.g. `self.value()` or `self.get()`.
+impl<'src, 'arena> NeedsSemi for StatementRef<'src, 'arena> {
+    #[inline]
+    fn needs_semicolon(&self) -> bool {
+        (**self).needs_semicolon()
+    }
+}
+
+impl fmt::Display for PrefixOperator {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
+        let s = match self {
+            PrefixOperator::Not => "!",
+            PrefixOperator::Minus => "-",
+            PrefixOperator::BitwiseNot => "~",
+            PrefixOperator::Increment => "++.",
+            PrefixOperator::Decrement => "--.",
+        };
+        write!(f, "{s}")
+    }
+}
+impl fmt::Display for PostfixOperator {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
+        let s = match self {
+            PostfixOperator::Increment => ".++",
+            PostfixOperator::Decrement => ".--",
+        };
+        write!(f, "{s}")
+    }
+}
+impl fmt::Display for InfixOperator {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
+        use InfixOperator::*;
+        let s = match self {
+            // Assignments
+            Assign => "=",
+            MultiplyAssign => "*=",
+            DivideAssign => "/=",
+            ModuloAssign => "%=",
+            PlusAssign => "+=",
+            MinusAssign => "-=",
+            ConcatAssign => "$=",
+            ConcatSpaceAssign => "@=",
+            // String operations
+            ConcatSpace => "@",
+            Concat => "$",
+            // Logical
+            And => "&&",
+            Xor => "^^",
+            Or => "||",
+            // Bitwise
+            BitwiseAnd => "&",
+            BitwiseOr => "|",
+            BitwiseXor => "^",
+            // Not equal
+            NotEqual => "!=",
+            // Comparison
+            Equal => "==",
+            ApproximatelyEqual => "~+",
+            Less => "<",
+            LessEqual => "<=",
+            Greater => ">",
+            GreaterEqual => ">=",
+            ClockwiseFrom => "ClockwiseFrom",
+            // Shift
+            LeftShift => "<<",
+            LogicalRightShift => ">>>",
+            RightShift => ">>",
+            // Term
+            Plus => "+",
+            Minus => "-",
+            // Modulo
+            Modulo => "%",
+            // Factor
+            Multiply => "*",
+            Divide => "/",
+            Dot => "Dot",
+            Cross => "Cross",
+            // Exp
+            Exponentiation => "**",
+        };
+        write!(f, "{s}")
+    }
+}
diff --git a/rottlib/src/diagnostics.rs b/rottlib/src/diagnostics.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..57106b8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/rottlib/src/diagnostics.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,251 @@
+//! Diagnostics primitives for all stages of compiler and frontend code.
+//!
+//! These types describe what to show the user when something goes wrong while
+//! parsing or doing lightweight frontend checks. They are intentionally small,
+//! depend only on [`AstSpan`], and are easy to construct and store.
+
+use crate::ast::AstSpan;
+
+/// Classification of a diagnostic by its impact.
+///
+/// Choose the most restrictive level that reflects the state of the source and
+/// the compiler's ability to continue.
+///
+/// - `Error`: use when the source is invalid according to the language rules or
+///     the parser cannot make a sound interpretation. Errors typically prevent
+///     code generation. Examples: mismatched delimiters,
+///     missing required tokens, invalid escapes, unrecoverable ambiguity.
+/// - `Warning`: use when the source is valid but likely unintended, obsolete,
+///     or suboptimal. Warnings should not change program semantics if ignored
+///     and must not block compilation. Examples: deprecated syntax, shadowing
+///     that is allowed but suspicious, unreachable code after a return.
+///     Do not use warnings to paper over true syntax errors. If the construct
+///     is invalid, prefer [`Severity::Error`] even if recovery is possible.
+#[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug, Hash, PartialEq, Eq)]
+#[non_exhaustive]
+pub enum Severity {
+    /// Fatal to the current compilation unit or requires recovery.
+    Error,
+    /// Non-fatal advisory about suspicious but valid code.
+    Warning,
+}
+
+/// A labeled source span with a short inline message.
+///
+/// Message should be one sentence, start lowercase, and omit the final period.
+#[derive(Clone, Debug, Hash, PartialEq, Eq)]
+pub struct Label {
+    /// Span to highlight in source coordinates.
+    pub span: AstSpan,
+    /// Short inline text shown next to the caret line.
+    pub message: String,
+}
+
+/// A single pure data diagnostic message with optional structured context.
+#[derive(Clone, Debug, PartialEq, Eq)]
+#[must_use]
+pub struct Diagnostic {
+    /// Headline, e.g. "Mismatched closing delimiter: `}`".
+    headline: String,
+    /// Impact of the diagnostic. See [`Severity`] for guidance.
+    severity: Severity,
+    /// Optional stable identifier, e.g. "P0007" or "L0001".
+    ///
+    /// Codes must match `^[LPTSXD][0-9]{4}$` where the prefix is the domain:
+    /// `L` lexer, `P` parser, `T` type check, `S` semantics, `X` lints,
+    /// `D` deprecations.
+    ///
+    /// Codes help users search documentation and suppress or elevate specific
+    /// diagnostics. Keep codes stable across releases once published.
+    code: Option<String>,
+    /// Marks the main location the user should look at first.
+    ///
+    /// Typically the exact token or span that triggered the diagnostic.
+    primary_label: Option<Label>,
+    /// Supplemental locations that add context or cross-reference the primary
+    /// site.
+    ///
+    /// Examples: "matching delimiter was opened here", "declared here",
+    /// "previous use here". Secondary labels should not compete with
+    /// the primary.
+    secondary_labels: Vec<Label>,
+    /// A single actionable suggestion aimed at a quick fix. Keep it concise.
+    help: Option<String>,
+    /// Additional free-form lines not intended as a fix suggestion.
+    ///
+    /// Use for technical details, references, or rationale. Keep each string to
+    /// a single paragraph.
+    notes: Vec<String>,
+}
+
+impl Diagnostic {
+    /// Construct a new error diagnostic with the given headline.
+    ///
+    /// Use for invalid constructs that prevent a sound interpretation.
+    pub fn error(headline: impl Into<String>) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            headline: headline.into(),
+            severity: Severity::Error,
+            code: None,
+            primary_label: None,
+            secondary_labels: Vec::new(),
+            notes: Vec::new(),
+            help: None,
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Construct a new warning diagnostic with the given headline.
+    ///
+    /// Use for valid but suspicious or suboptimal constructs.
+    pub fn warning(headline: impl Into<String>) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            headline: headline.into(),
+            severity: Severity::Warning,
+            code: None,
+            primary_label: None,
+            secondary_labels: Vec::new(),
+            notes: Vec::new(),
+            help: None,
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Returns `true` iff severity is [`Severity::Error`].
+    pub fn stops_compilation(&self) -> bool {
+        self.severity == Severity::Error
+    }
+
+    /// Returns the diagnostic code if present.
+    ///
+    /// See [DiagnosticBuilder::code] for code scheme.
+    pub fn code(&self) -> Option<&str> {
+        self.code.as_deref()
+    }
+
+    /// Returns the primary label, if any.
+    pub fn primary_label(&self) -> Option<&Label> {
+        self.primary_label.as_ref()
+    }
+
+    /// Returns the secondary labels in insertion order.
+    pub fn secondary_labels(&self) -> &[Label] {
+        &self.secondary_labels
+    }
+
+    /// Returns the headline.
+    pub fn headline(&self) -> &str {
+        &self.headline
+    }
+
+    /// Returns the severity.
+    pub fn severity(&self) -> Severity {
+        self.severity
+    }
+
+    /// Returns the notes.
+    pub fn notes(&self) -> &[String] {
+        &self.notes
+    }
+
+    /// Returns the help message, if any.
+    pub fn help(&self) -> Option<&str> {
+        self.help.as_deref()
+    }
+}
+
+/// A convenient diagnostic builder.
+#[derive(Debug)]
+#[must_use]
+pub struct DiagnosticBuilder {
+    diagnostic: Diagnostic,
+}
+
+impl DiagnosticBuilder {
+    /// Creates a new builder for an error diagnostic with a given headline.
+    pub fn error(headline: impl Into<String>) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            diagnostic: Diagnostic::error(headline),
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Creates a new builder for a warning diagnostic with a given headline.
+    pub fn warning(headline: impl Into<String>) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            diagnostic: Diagnostic::warning(headline),
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Attach or replace the stable diagnostic code.
+    ///
+    /// Codes identify classes of diagnostics across versions.
+    /// Keep them short, ASCII-only, and stable. Prefer the scheme:
+    ///
+    /// 1. Prefix = domain:
+    ///    - `L`: lexer (invalid char, unterminated string);
+    ///    - `P`: parser (mismatched delimiters, expected X found Y);
+    ///    - `T`: type check;
+    ///    - `S`: semantic analysis (name resolution, visibility);
+    ///    - `X`: style/lints (shadowing, dead code);
+    ///    - `D`: deprecations.
+    ///
+    /// 2. Suffix = 4 digits, zero-padded: `0001`..`9999`.
+    ///    Example codes: `L0001`, `P0007`, `T0123`.
+    ///
+    /// Codes are optional, but once published should not change.
+    pub fn code(mut self, code: impl Into<String>) -> Self {
+        self.diagnostic.code = Some(code.into());
+        self
+    }
+
+    /// Attach or replace a primary label.
+    ///
+    /// One sentence, starting with lowercase letter, no period at the end.
+    /// Since only one primary label can be specified, the previous primary is
+    /// replaced.
+    pub fn primary_label(mut self, span: AstSpan, message: impl Into<String>) -> Self {
+        self.diagnostic.primary_label = Some(Label {
+            span,
+            message: message.into(),
+        });
+        self
+    }
+
+    /// Add a secondary label.
+    ///
+    /// One sentence, starting with lowercase letter, no period at the end.
+    pub fn secondary_label(mut self, span: AstSpan, message: impl Into<String>) -> Self {
+        self.diagnostic.secondary_labels.push(Label {
+            span,
+            message: message.into(),
+        });
+        self
+    }
+
+    /// Add a free-form note line.
+    ///
+    /// Can be several sentences, starting with uppercase letter and with period
+    /// at the end.
+    pub fn note(mut self, message: impl Into<String>) -> Self {
+        self.diagnostic.notes.push(message.into());
+        self
+    }
+
+    /// Set the help message.
+    ///
+    /// Can be several sentences, starting with uppercase letter and with period
+    /// at the end.
+    pub fn help(mut self, message: impl Into<String>) -> Self {
+        self.diagnostic.help = Some(message.into());
+        self
+    }
+
+    /// Finishes building and returns the diagnostic.
+    pub fn build(self) -> Diagnostic {
+        self.diagnostic
+    }
+}
+
+impl From<DiagnosticBuilder> for Diagnostic {
+    fn from(diagnostic_builder: DiagnosticBuilder) -> Self {
+        diagnostic_builder.build()
+    }
+}
diff --git a/rottlib/src/lib.rs b/rottlib/src/lib.rs
index 2f4509e..a931040 100644
--- a/rottlib/src/lib.rs
+++ b/rottlib/src/lib.rs
@@ -1,3 +1,7 @@
 #![allow(clippy::doc_overindented_list_items)]
 
+pub mod arena;
+pub mod ast;
+pub mod diagnostics;
 pub mod lexer;
+pub mod parser;
diff --git a/rottlib/src/parser/cursor.rs b/rottlib/src/parser/cursor.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..5182839
--- /dev/null
+++ b/rottlib/src/parser/cursor.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,230 @@
+//! Cursor utilities for a token stream.
+//!
+//! Provides memoized lookahead over significant tokens and attaches
+//! trivia to [`TriviaComponent`]. Significant tokens exclude whitespace and
+//! comments; see [`crate::parser::TriviaKind`].
+
+use crate::lexer::{Token, TokenLocation};
+use crate::parser::trivia::TriviaComponent;
+
+/// Cursor over a token stream with memoized lookahead and trivia attachment.
+#[derive(Clone, Debug)]
+pub(crate) struct CursorComponent<'src> {
+    /// Underlying token stream.
+    tokens: crate::lexer::Tokens<'src>,
+    /// Significant-token lookahead buffer.
+    lookahead_buffer: std::collections::VecDeque<(TokenLocation, crate::lexer::TokenPiece<'src>)>,
+    /// Location of the last consumed token.
+    previous_location: Option<TokenLocation>,
+    /// Location of the last significant token.
+    ///
+    /// Used to associate following trivia with the correct token.
+    last_significant_location: Option<TokenLocation>,
+    /// Scratch space for [`CursorComponent::buffer_next_significant_token`],
+    /// used to avoid reallocations.
+    trivia_buffer: Vec<crate::parser::trivia::TriviaToken<'src>>,
+}
+
+impl<'src> CursorComponent<'src> {
+    /// Create a [`CursorComponent`] over the tokens of `file`.
+    pub(crate) fn new(tokenized_file: &'src crate::lexer::TokenizedFile<'src>) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            tokens: tokenized_file.tokens(),
+            lookahead_buffer: std::collections::VecDeque::new(),
+            previous_location: None,
+            last_significant_location: None,
+            trivia_buffer: Vec::new(),
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Ensure the lookahead buffer contains at least `lookahead + 1`
+    /// significant tokens.
+    ///
+    /// May consume trivia from the underlying stream.
+    /// Does not consume significant tokens.
+    fn ensure_min_lookahead(&mut self, lookahead: usize, trivia: &mut TriviaComponent<'src>) {
+        while self.lookahead_buffer.len() <= lookahead {
+            if !self.buffer_next_significant_token(trivia) {
+                break;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Scan to the next significant token, recording intervening trivia.
+    ///
+    /// Returns `true` if a significant token was buffered,
+    /// `false` on end of file.
+    fn buffer_next_significant_token(&mut self, trivia: &mut TriviaComponent<'src>) -> bool {
+        self.trivia_buffer.clear();
+        while let Some((token_location, token_piece)) = self.tokens.next() {
+            if let Ok(trivia_kind) = crate::parser::TriviaKind::try_from(token_piece.token) {
+                self.trivia_buffer.push(crate::parser::TriviaToken {
+                    kind: trivia_kind,
+                    text: token_piece.lexeme,
+                    location: token_location,
+                });
+            } else {
+                // Attach trivia found after the previous significant token
+                if !self.trivia_buffer.is_empty() {
+                    trivia.record_between_locations(
+                        self.last_significant_location,
+                        token_location,
+                        &mut self.trivia_buffer,
+                    );
+                }
+                self.lookahead_buffer
+                    .push_back((token_location, token_piece));
+                self.last_significant_location = Some(token_location);
+                return true;
+            }
+        }
+        // Reached end-of-file: attach trailing trivia
+        if !self.trivia_buffer.is_empty() {
+            trivia.record_between_locations(
+                self.last_significant_location,
+                TokenLocation::EndOfFile,
+                &mut self.trivia_buffer,
+            );
+        }
+        false
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'src, 'arena> crate::parser::Parser<'src, 'arena> {
+    /// Returns the next token without consuming it.
+    ///
+    /// Returns [`None`] if no tokens remain.
+    #[must_use]
+    pub(crate) fn peek_token(&mut self) -> Option<Token> {
+        self.peek_entry().map(|(_, token_piece)| token_piece.token)
+    }
+
+    /// Returns the next token, its lexeme, and its location
+    /// without consuming it.
+    ///
+    /// Returns [`None`] if no tokens remain.
+    #[must_use]
+    pub(crate) fn peek_token_lexeme_and_location(
+        &mut self,
+    ) -> Option<(Token, &'src str, TokenLocation)> {
+        self.peek_entry().map(|(token_location, token_piece)| {
+            (token_piece.token, token_piece.lexeme, *token_location)
+        })
+    }
+
+    /// Returns the next token and its lexeme without consuming it.
+    ///
+    /// Returns [`None`] if no tokens remain.
+    #[must_use]
+    pub(crate) fn peek_token_and_lexeme(&mut self) -> Option<(Token, &'src str)> {
+        self.peek_entry()
+            .map(|(_, token_piece)| (token_piece.token, token_piece.lexeme))
+    }
+
+    /// Returns the next token and its location without consuming it.
+    ///
+    /// Returns [`None`] if no tokens remain.
+    #[must_use]
+    pub(crate) fn peek_token_and_location(&mut self) -> Option<(Token, TokenLocation)> {
+        self.peek_entry()
+            .map(|(token_location, token_piece)| (token_piece.token, *token_location))
+    }
+
+    /// Returns the location of the next token, or [`TokenLocation::EndOfFile`]
+    /// if none remain.
+    #[must_use]
+    pub(crate) fn peek_location(&mut self) -> TokenLocation {
+        self.peek_entry()
+            .map(|(token_location, _)| *token_location)
+            .unwrap_or(TokenLocation::EndOfFile)
+    }
+
+    /// Returns the location of the last token that was actually consumed
+    /// by [`crate::parser::Parser::advance`].
+    ///
+    /// Returns [`None`] if no tokens have been consumed yet.
+    #[must_use]
+    pub(crate) fn last_consumed_location(&self) -> Option<TokenLocation> {
+        self.cursor.previous_location
+    }
+
+    /// Returns the most recent location the parser is "at".
+    ///
+    /// If at least one token has been consumed, this is the location of the
+    /// last consumed token. Otherwise it falls back to the location of the
+    /// first significant token in the stream (or [`TokenLocation::EndOfFile`]
+    /// if the stream is empty).
+    #[must_use]
+    pub(crate) fn last_visited_location(&mut self) -> TokenLocation {
+        // Only has to `unwrap` before *any* characters were consumed
+        self.last_consumed_location()
+            .unwrap_or_else(|| self.peek_location())
+    }
+
+    /// Peeks the token at `lookahead` (`0` is the next token)
+    /// without consuming.
+    ///
+    /// Returns `None` if the stream ends before that position.
+    #[must_use]
+    pub(crate) fn peek_token_at(&mut self, lookahead: usize) -> Option<Token> {
+        self.cursor
+            .ensure_min_lookahead(lookahead, &mut self.trivia);
+        self.cursor
+            .lookahead_buffer
+            .get(lookahead)
+            .map(|(_, token_piece)| token_piece.token)
+    }
+
+    /// Advances by one significant token.
+    ///
+    /// Trivia is internally handled and recorded.
+    /// Does nothing at the end-of-file.
+    pub(crate) fn advance(&mut self) {
+        self.cursor.ensure_min_lookahead(0, &mut self.trivia);
+        if let Some((location, _)) = self.cursor.lookahead_buffer.pop_front() {
+            self.cursor.previous_location = Some(location);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// If the next token equals `token`, consumes it and returns `true`.
+    ///
+    /// Otherwise leaves the cursor unchanged and returns `false`.
+    /// Trivia is recorded automatically.
+    pub(crate) fn eat(&mut self, token: Token) -> bool {
+        let correct_token = self.peek_token() == Some(token);
+        if correct_token {
+            self.advance();
+        }
+        correct_token
+    }
+
+    /// Centralized peek used by public peekers.
+    fn peek_entry(&mut self) -> Option<&(TokenLocation, crate::lexer::TokenPiece<'src>)> {
+        self.cursor.ensure_min_lookahead(0, &mut self.trivia);
+        self.cursor.lookahead_buffer.front()
+    }
+
+    /// Expects `expected` at the current position.
+    ///
+    /// On match consumes the token and returns its [`TokenLocation`].
+    /// Otherwise returns a [`crate::parser::ParseError`] of
+    /// the given [`crate::parser::ParseErrorKind`] that carries the current
+    /// span for diagnostics.
+    pub(crate) fn expect(
+        &mut self,
+        expected: Token,
+        error_kind: crate::parser::ParseErrorKind,
+    ) -> crate::parser::ParseResult<'src, 'arena, TokenLocation> {
+        let token_position = self.peek_location();
+        // `Token` only includes type information, so comparison is valid
+        if self.peek_token() == Some(expected) {
+            self.advance();
+            Ok(token_position)
+        } else {
+            Err(crate::parser::ParseError {
+                kind: error_kind,
+                source_span: crate::ast::AstSpan::new(token_position),
+            })
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/rottlib/src/parser/errors.rs b/rottlib/src/parser/errors.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f5fd61d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/rottlib/src/parser/errors.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,95 @@
+//! Submodule with parsing related errors.
+
+use crate::ast::AstSpan;
+
+/// Internal parse error kinds.
+///
+/// Used by the parser as a compact signal for later construction of user-facing
+/// diagnostics.
+///
+/// Naming convention:
+/// - Prefix identifies the syntactic construct
+///     (`Expression`, `For`, `Switch`, etc.).
+/// - Suffix describes the exact problem (`MissingClosingParenthesis`,
+///     `UnexpectedToken`, `MultipleDefaults`, etc.).
+#[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug, Hash, PartialEq, Eq)]
+pub enum ParseErrorKind {
+    /// Expression inside `(...)` could not be parsed and no closing `)`
+    /// was found.
+    ExpressionMissingClosingParenthesis,
+    /// A `do` block was not followed by a matching `until`.
+    DoMissingUntil,
+    /// Found an unexpected token while parsing an expression.
+    ExpressionUnexpectedToken,
+    /// A `for` loop is missing its opening `(`.
+    ForMissingOpeningParenthesis,
+    /// The first `;` in `for (init; cond; step)` is missing.
+    ForMissingInitializationSemicolon,
+    /// The second `;` in `for (init; cond; step)` is missing.
+    ForMissingConditionSemicolon,
+    /// The closing `)` of a `for` loop is missing.
+    ForMissingClosingParenthesis,
+    /// An expression inside a block is not terminated with `;`.
+    BlockMissingSemicolonAfterExpression,
+    /// A statement inside a block is not terminated with `;`.
+    BlockMissingSemicolonAfterStatement,
+    /// `switch` has no body (missing matching braces).
+    SwitchMissingBody,
+    /// The first top-level item in a `switch` body is not a `case`.
+    SwitchTopLevelItemNotCase,
+    /// A `case` arm is missing the trailing `:`.
+    SwitchCaseMissingColon,
+    /// Found more than one `default` branch.
+    SwitchDuplicateDefault,
+    /// Found `case` arms after a `default` branch.
+    SwitchCasesAfterDefault,
+    /// A `goto` was not followed by a label.
+    GotoMissingLabel,
+    /// Unexpected end of input while parsing.
+    UnexpectedEndOfFile,
+    /// Token looked like a numeric literal but could not be parsed as one.
+    InvalidNumericLiteral,
+    /// A bare expression appeared in a `switch` arm but was not the final arm.
+    ///
+    /// Such an expression must be terminated with `;` or be the final arm.
+    SwitchBareExpressionBeforeNextArm,
+    /// A `local` declaration is missing its first identifier.
+    ///
+    /// At least one variable name must follow the type.
+    LocalMissingIdentifier,
+    /// A `local` declaration was followed by a token that cannot serve
+    /// as a type name.
+    LocalInvalidTypeName,
+    /// Invalid variable name identifier in `local` variable definition.
+    LocalBadVariableIdentifier,
+    /// An initializer appears in a `local` variable declaration.
+    LocalInitializerNotAllowed,
+    /// A non-`local` variable declaration is missing its first identifier.
+    ///
+    /// At least one variable name must follow the type.
+    DeclMissingIdentifier,
+    /// Invalid variable name identifier in non-`local` variable definition.
+    DeclBadVariableIdentifier,
+}
+
+/// Enumerates all specific kinds of parsing errors that the parser can emit.
+#[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug, Hash, PartialEq, Eq)]
+#[must_use]
+pub struct ParseError {
+    /// The specific kind of parse error that occurred.
+    pub kind: ParseErrorKind,
+    /// The source span in which the error was detected.
+    pub source_span: AstSpan,
+}
+
+pub type ParseResult<'src, 'arena, T> = Result<T, ParseError>;
+
+impl<'src, 'arena> crate::parser::Parser<'src, 'arena> {
+    #[must_use]
+    pub(crate) fn make_error_here(&mut self, error_kind: ParseErrorKind) -> ParseError {
+        ParseError {
+            kind: error_kind,
+            source_span: AstSpan::new(self.peek_location()),
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/rottlib/src/parser/grammar/block.rs b/rottlib/src/parser/grammar/block.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d79e856
--- /dev/null
+++ b/rottlib/src/parser/grammar/block.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,60 @@
+use crate::ast::Expression;
+use crate::lexer::Token;
+use crate::parser::ParseErrorKind;
+
+impl<'src, 'arena> crate::parser::Parser<'src, 'arena> {
+    /// Parses a block `{ ... }` after `{`.
+    ///
+    /// Consumes tokens until the matching `}` and returns
+    /// an [`Expression::Block`] spanning from the opening `{` to
+    /// the closing `}`.
+    /// Returns a best-effort block on premature end-of-file.
+    #[must_use]
+    pub(crate) fn parse_block_cont(
+        &mut self,
+        block_start_location: crate::lexer::TokenLocation,
+    ) -> crate::ast::ExpressionRef<'src, 'arena> {
+        let mut statements = self.arena.vec();
+        let mut tail = None;
+        loop {
+            let Some((token, token_location)) = self.peek_token_and_location() else {
+                self.report_error_here(ParseErrorKind::UnexpectedEndOfFile);
+                return self.arena.alloc(
+                    Expression::Block { statements, tail },
+                    crate::ast::AstSpan {
+                        from: block_start_location,
+                        to: self.peek_location(),
+                    },
+                );
+            };
+            if let Token::RightBrace = token {
+                self.advance(); // '}'
+                let block_span = crate::ast::AstSpan {
+                    from: block_start_location,
+                    to: token_location,
+                };
+                return self
+                    .arena
+                    .alloc(Expression::Block { statements, tail }, block_span);
+            }
+            // We know that at this point:
+            // 1. There is still a token and it is not end-of-file;
+            // 2. It isn't end of the block.
+            // So having a tail statement there is a problem!
+            if let Some(tail_expression) = tail {
+                self.report_error_here(ParseErrorKind::BlockMissingSemicolonAfterExpression);
+                let tail_span = *tail_expression.span();
+                let node = self.arena.alloc(
+                    crate::ast::Statement::Expression(tail_expression),
+                    tail_span,
+                );
+                statements.push(node);
+            }
+            tail = self.parse_block_item(&mut statements);
+            // Ensure forward progress under errors to avoid infinite loops.
+            if self.peek_location() <= token_location {
+                self.advance();
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/rottlib/src/parser/grammar/control.rs b/rottlib/src/parser/grammar/control.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..213fb46
--- /dev/null
+++ b/rottlib/src/parser/grammar/control.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,180 @@
+use crate::ast::{AstSpan, Expression, ExpressionRef};
+use crate::lexer::{Token, TokenLocation};
+use crate::parser::{ParseErrorKind, ResultRecoveryExt};
+
+impl<'src, 'arena> crate::parser::Parser<'src, 'arena> {
+    /// Parses an `if` block, assuming that `if` token was consumed.
+    ///
+    /// Produces an [`Expression::If`] spanning from the `if` keyword to
+    /// the end of the last arm (`else` body if present,
+    /// otherwise the `if` body).
+    #[must_use]
+    pub(crate) fn parse_if_cont(
+        &mut self,
+        if_start_location: TokenLocation,
+    ) -> ExpressionRef<'src, 'arena> {
+        let condition = self.parse_expression();
+        let body = self.parse_expression();
+
+        let (else_body, if_end_location) = if let Some(Token::Else) = self.peek_token() {
+            self.advance(); // else
+            let else_body = self.parse_expression();
+            // Capture end before moving `else_body` to build the full `if` span
+            let body_end = else_body.span().to;
+            (Some(else_body), body_end)
+        } else {
+            (None, body.span().to)
+        };
+
+        let span = AstSpan {
+            from: if_start_location,
+            to: if_end_location,
+        };
+        self.arena.alloc(
+            Expression::If {
+                condition,
+                body,
+                else_body,
+            },
+            span,
+        )
+    }
+
+    /// Parses a `while` loop, assuming that `while` token was consumed.
+    ///
+    /// Produces an [`Expression::While`] spanning from the `while` keyword
+    /// to the end of the body.
+    #[must_use]
+    pub(crate) fn parse_while_cont(
+        &mut self,
+        while_start_location: TokenLocation,
+    ) -> ExpressionRef<'src, 'arena> {
+        let condition = self.parse_expression();
+        let body = self.parse_expression();
+        let span = AstSpan {
+            from: while_start_location,
+            to: body.span().to,
+        };
+        self.arena
+            .alloc(Expression::While { condition, body }, span)
+    }
+
+    /// Parses a `do ... until ...` loop after `do`, assuming that `do` token
+    /// was consumed.
+    ///
+    /// On a missing `until`, returns an error
+    /// [`ParseErrorKind::DoMissingUntil`].
+    /// On success, produces an [`Expression::DoUntil`] spanning from `do`
+    /// to the end of the condition.
+    #[must_use]
+    pub(crate) fn parse_do_until_cont(
+        &mut self,
+        do_start_location: TokenLocation,
+    ) -> crate::parser::ParseExpressionResult<'src, 'arena> {
+        let body = self.parse_expression();
+
+        self.expect(Token::Until, ParseErrorKind::DoMissingUntil)
+            .widen_error_span_from(do_start_location)?;
+        let condition = self.parse_expression();
+        let span = AstSpan {
+            from: do_start_location,
+            to: condition.span().to,
+        };
+        Ok(self
+            .arena
+            .alloc(Expression::DoUntil { condition, body }, span))
+    }
+
+    /// Parses a `foreach` loop, assuming that `foreach` token was consumed.
+    ///
+    /// Produces an [`Expression::ForEach`] spanning from `foreach`
+    /// to the end of the body.
+    #[must_use]
+    pub(crate) fn parse_foreach_cont(
+        &mut self,
+        foreach_start_location: TokenLocation,
+    ) -> ExpressionRef<'src, 'arena> {
+        let iterator = self.parse_expression();
+
+        let body = self.parse_expression();
+        let span = AstSpan {
+            from: foreach_start_location,
+            to: body.span().to,
+        };
+        self.arena
+            .alloc(Expression::ForEach { iterator, body }, span)
+    }
+
+    /// Parses a `for` loop after `for`, assuming that `for` token was consumed.
+    ///
+    /// Grammar: `for (init?; condition?; step?) body`.
+    /// Any of `init`, `condition`, or `step` may be omitted.
+    /// Emits specific `ParseErrorKind` values for missing
+    /// delimiters/separators.
+    /// On success returns an [`Expression::For`] spanning from `for` to
+    /// the end of the body.
+    #[must_use]
+    pub(crate) fn parse_for_cont(
+        &mut self,
+        for_start_location: TokenLocation,
+    ) -> crate::parser::ParseResult<'src, 'arena, ExpressionRef<'src, 'arena>> {
+        self.expect(
+            Token::LeftParenthesis,
+            ParseErrorKind::ForMissingOpeningParenthesis,
+        )
+        .widen_error_span_from(for_start_location)?;
+
+        let init = if let Some(Token::Semicolon) = self.peek_token() {
+            self.advance();
+            None
+        } else {
+            let init = self.parse_expression();
+            self.expect(
+                Token::Semicolon,
+                ParseErrorKind::ForMissingInitializationSemicolon,
+            )?;
+            Some(init)
+        };
+
+        let condition = if let Some(Token::Semicolon) = self.peek_token() {
+            self.advance();
+            None
+        } else {
+            let condition = self.parse_expression();
+            self.expect(
+                Token::Semicolon,
+                ParseErrorKind::ForMissingConditionSemicolon,
+            )?;
+            Some(condition)
+        };
+
+        let step = if let Some(Token::RightParenthesis) = self.peek_token() {
+            self.advance();
+            None
+        } else {
+            let step = self.parse_expression();
+            self.expect(
+                Token::RightParenthesis,
+                ParseErrorKind::ForMissingClosingParenthesis,
+            )
+            .widen_error_span_from(for_start_location)
+            .sync_error_until(self, crate::parser::SyncLevel::CloseParenthesis)?;
+            Some(step)
+        };
+
+        let body = self.parse_expression();
+        let span = AstSpan {
+            from: for_start_location,
+            to: body.span().to,
+        };
+        Ok(self.arena.alloc(
+            Expression::For {
+                init,
+                condition,
+                step,
+                body,
+            },
+            span,
+        ))
+    }
+}
diff --git a/rottlib/src/parser/grammar/flow.rs b/rottlib/src/parser/grammar/flow.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ba4aa0d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/rottlib/src/parser/grammar/flow.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,99 @@
+use crate::ast::{AstSpan, Expression};
+use crate::lexer::{Token, TokenLocation};
+use crate::parser::ParseErrorKind;
+
+impl<'src, 'arena> crate::parser::Parser<'src, 'arena> {
+    /// Parse the continuation of a `return` after its keyword was consumed.
+    ///
+    /// Doesn't consume the terminating `;`.
+    /// If the next token is not `;`, parses an expression as the optional
+    /// value. Produces an [`Expression::Return`] whose span runs from
+    /// the `return` keyword to the end of the value if present, otherwise to
+    /// the `return` keyword.
+    #[must_use]
+    pub(crate) fn parse_return_cont(
+        &mut self,
+        return_start_location: TokenLocation,
+    ) -> crate::ast::ExpressionRef<'src, 'arena> {
+        let (value, span) = if self.peek_token() != Some(Token::Semicolon) {
+            let value = self.parse_expression();
+
+            let span = AstSpan {
+                from: return_start_location,
+                to: value.span().to,
+            };
+            (Some(value), span)
+        } else {
+            (
+                None,
+                AstSpan {
+                    from: return_start_location,
+                    to: return_start_location,
+                },
+            )
+        };
+        self.arena.alloc(Expression::Return(value), span)
+    }
+
+    /// Parse the continuation of a `break` after its keyword was consumed.
+    ///
+    /// Doesn't consume the terminating `;`.
+    /// If the next token is not `;`, parses an optional value expression.
+    /// Produces an [`Expression::Break`] spanning from `break` to the end
+    /// of the value if present, otherwise to the `break` keyword.
+    #[must_use]
+    pub(crate) fn parse_break_cont(
+        &mut self,
+        break_start_location: TokenLocation,
+    ) -> crate::ast::ExpressionRef<'src, 'arena> {
+        let (value, span) = if self.peek_token() != Some(Token::Semicolon) {
+            let value = self.parse_expression();
+
+            let span = AstSpan {
+                from: break_start_location,
+                to: value.span().to,
+            };
+            (Some(value), span)
+        } else {
+            (
+                None,
+                AstSpan {
+                    from: break_start_location,
+                    to: break_start_location,
+                },
+            )
+        };
+        self.arena.alloc(Expression::Break(value), span)
+    }
+
+    /// Parses a `goto` expression after `goto`, assuming that the `goto` token
+    /// was consumed.
+    ///
+    /// Requires the next token to be an identifier label.
+    /// On missing token, returns [`ParseErrorKind::UnexpectedEndOfFile`].
+    /// On a non-identifier next token,
+    /// returns [`ParseErrorKind::GotoMissingLabel`].
+    /// On success, produces an [`Expression::Goto`] spanning from `goto`
+    /// to the label token.
+    #[must_use]
+    pub(crate) fn parse_goto_cont(
+        &mut self,
+        goto_start_location: TokenLocation,
+    ) -> crate::parser::ParseExpressionResult<'src, 'arena> {
+        let Some((token, text, token_location)) = self.peek_token_lexeme_and_location() else {
+            return Err(self.make_error_here(ParseErrorKind::UnexpectedEndOfFile));
+        };
+        if token == Token::Identifier {
+            let span = AstSpan {
+                from: goto_start_location,
+                to: token_location,
+            };
+            self.advance();
+            Ok(self
+                .arena
+                .alloc(Expression::Goto(self.arena.string(text)), span))
+        } else {
+            Err(self.make_error_here(ParseErrorKind::GotoMissingLabel))
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/rottlib/src/parser/grammar/mod.rs b/rottlib/src/parser/grammar/mod.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..4089279
--- /dev/null
+++ b/rottlib/src/parser/grammar/mod.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+mod block;
+mod control;
+mod flow;
+mod pratt;
+mod precedence;
+mod statements;
+mod switch;
diff --git a/rottlib/src/parser/grammar/pratt.rs b/rottlib/src/parser/grammar/pratt.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..982281b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/rottlib/src/parser/grammar/pratt.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,406 @@
+//! Expression parsing for the language front-end.
+//!
+//! This module implements a Pratt-style parser for the language's expression
+//! grammar, supporting:
+//!
+//! * Primary expressions (literals, identifiers, parenthesized expressions)
+//! * Prefix operators
+//! * Postfix operators
+//! * Infix operators with precedence and associativity
+//!
+//! Parsing is driven by [`PrecedenceRank`], which controls how tightly
+//! operators bind. Infix parsing uses the pair of binding powers returned by
+//! [`super::precedence::infix_precedence_ranks`] to encode associativity.
+//! The parser infrastructure supports both left- and right-associative
+//! operators, but Fermented UnrealScript currently defines only
+//! right-associative ones.
+//!
+//! ## See also
+//!
+//! - [`crate::parser::Parser::parse_expression`] - main entry point
+//! - [`PrecedenceRank`] - operator binding strengths
+//! - [`super::precedence`] - operator precedence definitions
+
+use crate::ast::{Expression, ExpressionRef, NeedsSemi};
+use crate::lexer::{Token, TokenLocation};
+use crate::parser::{
+    ParseErrorKind, ParseExpressionResult, ParseResult, ResultRecoveryExt, SyncLevel,
+};
+
+pub(crate) use super::precedence::PrecedenceRank;
+
+impl<'src, 'arena> crate::parser::Parser<'src, 'arena> {
+    /// Parses an expression.
+    pub fn parse_expression(&mut self) -> ExpressionRef<'src, 'arena> {
+        self.parse_expression_with_precedence(PrecedenceRank::LOOSEST)
+    }
+
+    /// Parses an expression with operators of at least `min_precedence_rank`
+    /// (as tight or tighter).
+    fn parse_expression_with_precedence(
+        &mut self,
+        min_precedence_rank: PrecedenceRank,
+    ) -> ExpressionRef<'src, 'arena> {
+        // Intentional order: (1) prefix/primary, (2) postfix (tighter than
+        // any infix), (3) infix. We don't run a second postfix pass;
+        // `(a+b)!` works because the parenthesized sub-expression had its own
+        // postfix pass before returning.
+        let mut left_hand_side = self
+            .parse_prefix_or_primary()
+            .sync_error_until(self, SyncLevel::Expression)
+            .unwrap_or_fallback(self);
+        // Postfix operators are tighter than any infix ones
+        left_hand_side = self.parse_postfix_into(left_hand_side);
+        left_hand_side = self.parse_infix_into(left_hand_side, min_precedence_rank);
+        left_hand_side
+    }
+
+    /// Parses a prefix or primary expression (Pratt parser's "nud" or
+    /// null denotation).
+    ///
+    /// Errors with [`ParseErrorKind::UnexpectedEndOfFile`] if the stream ends
+    /// before a valid prefix/primary.
+    fn parse_prefix_or_primary(&mut self) -> ParseExpressionResult<'src, 'arena> {
+        let Some((token, token_location)) = self.peek_token_and_location() else {
+            return Err(self.make_error_here(ParseErrorKind::UnexpectedEndOfFile));
+        };
+
+        if let Ok(operator) = crate::ast::PrefixOperator::try_from(token) {
+            self.advance();
+            let right_hand_side = self.parse_expression_with_precedence(PrecedenceRank::TIGHTEST);
+            Ok(Expression::new_prefix(
+                self.arena,
+                token_location,
+                operator,
+                right_hand_side,
+            ))
+        } else {
+            self.parse_primary()
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Parses a primary expression: literals, identifiers, or a parenthesized
+    /// sub-expression.
+    ///
+    /// # Errors
+    ///
+    /// [`ParseErrorKind::ExpressionUnexpectedToken`] if the next token
+    /// cannot start a primary; [`ParseErrorKind::UnexpectedEndOfFile`]
+    /// at end of input.
+    fn parse_primary(&mut self) -> ParseExpressionResult<'src, 'arena> {
+        // For diagnostics, we only advance *after* fully parsing the current
+        // literal/token.
+        let Some((token, token_text, token_location)) = self.peek_token_lexeme_and_location()
+        else {
+            return Err(self.make_error_here(ParseErrorKind::UnexpectedEndOfFile));
+        };
+        match token {
+            Token::IntegerLiteral => {
+                let value = self.parse_integer_literal(token_text)?;
+                self.advance();
+                Ok(self
+                    .arena
+                    .alloc_at(Expression::Integer(value), token_location))
+            }
+            Token::FloatLiteral => {
+                let value = self.parse_float_literal(token_text)?;
+                self.advance();
+                Ok(self
+                    .arena
+                    .alloc_at(Expression::Float(value), token_location))
+            }
+            Token::StringLiteral => {
+                let value = unescape_string_literal(self.arena, token_text);
+                self.advance();
+                Ok(self
+                    .arena
+                    .alloc_at(Expression::String(value), token_location))
+            }
+            Token::True => {
+                self.advance();
+                Ok(self.arena.alloc_at(Expression::Bool(true), token_location))
+            }
+            Token::False => {
+                self.advance();
+                Ok(self.arena.alloc_at(Expression::Bool(false), token_location))
+            }
+            Token::None => {
+                self.advance();
+                Ok(self.arena.alloc_at(Expression::None, token_location))
+            }
+            Token::Identifier => {
+                self.advance();
+                Ok(self
+                    .arena
+                    .alloc_at(Expression::Identifier(token_text), token_location))
+            }
+            Token::LeftParenthesis => {
+                self.advance();
+                self.parse_parenthesized_expression_cont(token_location)
+            }
+            Token::If => {
+                self.advance();
+                Ok(self.parse_if_cont(token_location))
+            }
+            Token::While => {
+                self.advance();
+                Ok(self.parse_while_cont(token_location))
+            }
+            Token::Do => {
+                self.advance();
+                self.parse_do_until_cont(token_location)
+            }
+            Token::ForEach => {
+                self.advance();
+                Ok(self.parse_foreach_cont(token_location))
+            }
+            Token::For => {
+                self.advance();
+                self.parse_for_cont(token_location)
+            }
+            Token::Brace(crate::lexer::BraceKind::Normal) => {
+                self.advance();
+                Ok(self.parse_block_cont(token_location))
+            }
+            Token::Return => {
+                self.advance();
+                Ok(self.parse_return_cont(token_location))
+            }
+            Token::Break => {
+                self.advance();
+                Ok(self.parse_break_cont(token_location))
+            }
+            Token::Continue => {
+                self.advance();
+                Ok(self.arena.alloc_at(Expression::Continue, token_location))
+            }
+            Token::Goto => {
+                self.advance();
+                self.parse_goto_cont(token_location)
+            }
+            Token::Switch => {
+                self.advance();
+                self.parse_switch_cont(token_location)
+            }
+            _ => {
+                // Unexpected token in expression.
+                Err(self.make_error_here(ParseErrorKind::ExpressionUnexpectedToken))
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Parses an expression in parentheses.
+    ///
+    /// Assumes the `(` was already consumed; its location is
+    /// `left_parenthesis_location`.
+    /// On success, allocates a [`Expression::Parentheses`] node with a span
+    /// covering from `(` to `)`.
+    ///
+    /// Errors with [`ParseErrorKind::ExpressionMissingClosingParenthesis`] if
+    /// a closing `)` is missing; the diagnostic is associated with
+    /// the opening `(` via `left_parenthesis_location`.
+    fn parse_parenthesized_expression_cont(
+        &mut self,
+        left_parenthesis_location: TokenLocation,
+    ) -> ParseExpressionResult<'src, 'arena> {
+        let inner_expression = self.parse_expression();
+        let right_parenthesis_location = self
+            .expect(
+                Token::RightParenthesis,
+                ParseErrorKind::ExpressionMissingClosingParenthesis,
+            )
+            .widen_error_span_from(left_parenthesis_location)
+            .sync_error_at(self, SyncLevel::CloseParenthesis)?;
+        Ok(self.arena.alloc_between(
+            Expression::Parentheses(inner_expression),
+            left_parenthesis_location,
+            right_parenthesis_location,
+        ))
+    }
+
+    /// Parses all postfix operators it can, creating a tree with
+    /// `left_hand_side` as a child.
+    fn parse_postfix_into(
+        &mut self,
+        mut left_hand_side: ExpressionRef<'src, 'arena>,
+    ) -> ExpressionRef<'src, 'arena> {
+        // Single peek that yields `(postfix_op, location)` so the postfix loop
+        // can advance once per operator without extra matching/unwraps.
+        while let Some((operator, operator_location)) = self.peek_postfix_with_location() {
+            self.advance();
+            left_hand_side =
+                Expression::new_postfix(self.arena, left_hand_side, operator, operator_location);
+        }
+        left_hand_side
+    }
+
+    /// Parses infix operators binding at least as tight as
+    /// `min_precedence_rank`.
+    ///
+    /// Associativity is encoded by
+    /// [`super::precedence::infix_precedence_ranks`]: the right-hand
+    /// side is parsed with `right_precedence_rank`, so `a - b - c` vs
+    /// `a ^ b ^ c` associate correctly based on the pair
+    /// `(left_rank, right_rank)`.
+    ///
+    /// Stops when the next operator is looser than `min_precedence_rank`.
+    fn parse_infix_into(
+        &mut self,
+        mut left_hand_side: ExpressionRef<'src, 'arena>,
+        min_precedence_rank: PrecedenceRank,
+    ) -> ExpressionRef<'src, 'arena> {
+        while let Some((operator, right_precedence_rank)) =
+            self.peek_infix_at_least(min_precedence_rank)
+        {
+            self.advance();
+            let right_hand_side = self.parse_expression_with_precedence(right_precedence_rank);
+            left_hand_side =
+                Expression::new_binary(self.arena, left_hand_side, operator, right_hand_side);
+        }
+        left_hand_side
+    }
+
+    /// Parses an integer literal as [`i128`].
+    ///
+    /// Chosen to cover FerUS's integer range so constant folding
+    /// remains precise.
+    ///
+    /// Errors with [`ParseErrorKind::InvalidNumericLiteral`] if `text` is
+    /// not a valid integer.
+    fn parse_integer_literal(&mut self, text: &str) -> ParseResult<i128> {
+        text.parse::<i128>()
+            .map_err(|_| self.make_error_here(ParseErrorKind::InvalidNumericLiteral))
+    }
+
+    /// Parses a float literal as [`f64`].
+    ///
+    /// Chosen to cover FerUS's float range so constant folding remains
+    /// precise.
+    ///
+    /// Errors with [`ParseErrorKind::InvalidNumericLiteral`] if `text` is
+    /// not a valid float.
+    fn parse_float_literal(&mut self, text: &str) -> ParseResult<f64> {
+        if let Ok(parsed_value) = text.parse::<f64>() {
+            Ok(parsed_value)
+        } else {
+            Err(self.make_error_here(ParseErrorKind::InvalidNumericLiteral))
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Returns the next postfix operator and its location if present.
+    ///
+    /// Helper to avoid peeking and mapping twice; used to drive the postfix
+    /// loop without unwraps.
+    fn peek_postfix_with_location(
+        &mut self,
+    ) -> Option<(crate::ast::PostfixOperator, TokenLocation)> {
+        let Some((token, token_location)) = self.peek_token_and_location() else {
+            return None;
+        };
+        let Ok(operator) = crate::ast::PostfixOperator::try_from(token) else {
+            return None;
+        };
+        Some((operator, token_location))
+    }
+
+    /// If the next token is an infix operator with left binding power at least
+    /// `min_precedence_rank`, returns its operator and precedence rank.
+    ///
+    /// Otherwise return [`None`].
+    fn peek_infix_at_least(
+        &mut self,
+        min_precedence_rank: PrecedenceRank,
+    ) -> Option<(crate::ast::InfixOperator, PrecedenceRank)> {
+        let (left_precedence_rank, operator, right_precedence_rank) = self
+            .peek_token()
+            .and_then(super::precedence::infix_precedence_ranks)?;
+        if left_precedence_rank.is_looser_than(min_precedence_rank) {
+            return None;
+        }
+        Some((operator, right_precedence_rank))
+    }
+
+    /// Parses one item inside a `{ ... }` block.
+    ///
+    /// The item can be a statement (e.g. a variable declaration) or an
+    /// expression. If the item is an expression without a following
+    /// semicolon, it is returned as the block's current tail expression
+    /// - the value considered to be the block's result. In well-formed
+    /// code such a tail expression appears only at the very end of the block.
+    ///
+    /// This method never consumes the closing `}` and is only meant to be
+    /// called while parsing inside a block.
+    pub(crate) fn parse_block_item(
+        &mut self,
+        statements: &mut crate::arena::ArenaVec<'arena, crate::ast::StatementRef<'src, 'arena>>,
+    ) -> Option<crate::ast::ExpressionRef<'src, 'arena>> {
+        if let Some(mut next_statement) = self.parse_statement() {
+            if next_statement.needs_semicolon() {
+                // For statements we immediately know if lack of
+                // semicolon is an issue
+                if let Some(Token::Semicolon) = self.peek_token() {
+                    next_statement.span_mut().to = self.peek_location();
+                    self.advance(); // ';'
+                } else {
+                    self.report_error_here(ParseErrorKind::BlockMissingSemicolonAfterStatement);
+                }
+            }
+            statements.push(next_statement);
+        } else {
+            let mut next_expression = self.parse_expression();
+            if let Expression::Error = *next_expression {
+                self.recover_until(SyncLevel::Statement);
+                next_expression.span_mut().to = self.peek_location();
+            }
+            if let Some((Token::Semicolon, semicolon_location)) = self.peek_token_and_location() {
+                self.advance(); // ;
+                let span = crate::ast::AstSpan {
+                    from: next_expression.span().from,
+                    to: semicolon_location,
+                };
+                let expression_statement_node = self
+                    .arena
+                    .alloc(crate::ast::Statement::Expression(next_expression), span);
+                statements.push(expression_statement_node);
+            } else {
+                return Some(next_expression);
+            }
+        }
+        None
+    }
+}
+
+/// Unescapes a tokenized string literal into an arena string.
+///
+/// Supported escapes: `\n`, `\t`, `\"`, `\\`.
+/// Unknown escape sequences are preserved as-is (UnrealScript behavior).
+///
+/// Note: this function assumes `raw` is the token text without surrounding
+/// quotes.
+fn unescape_string_literal<'arena>(
+    arena: &'arena crate::arena::Arena,
+    raw: &str,
+) -> crate::arena::ArenaString<'arena> {
+    let mut buffer = String::with_capacity(raw.len());
+    let mut characters = raw.chars();
+    while let Some(next_character) = characters.next() {
+        if next_character == '\\' {
+            // The lexer never produces a trailing backslash in a string token,
+            // so there's always a following character to inspect.
+            if let Some(escaped_character) = characters.next() {
+                match escaped_character {
+                    'n' => buffer.push('\n'),
+                    't' => buffer.push('\t'),
+                    '"' => buffer.push('"'),
+                    '\\' => buffer.push('\\'),
+                    // Simply leaving escaped character as-is is an expected
+                    // behavior by UnrealScript
+                    other => buffer.push(other),
+                }
+            }
+        } else {
+            buffer.push(next_character);
+        }
+    }
+    arena.string(&buffer)
+}
diff --git a/rottlib/src/parser/grammar/precedence.rs b/rottlib/src/parser/grammar/precedence.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..48dae04
--- /dev/null
+++ b/rottlib/src/parser/grammar/precedence.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,185 @@
+//! Precedence tables for Fermented UnrealScript operators.
+//!
+//! These values don't follow the usual *binding power* convention for
+//! a Pratt parser, where tighter binding corresponds to a larger number.  
+//! Here, the smaller the number, the tighter the binding power.  
+//! For this reason, we use the term *precedence rank* instead.
+//!
+//! ## Operators sorted by precedence (lowest number = tighter binding)
+//!
+//! ### Infix operators
+//!
+//! All infix operators in UnrealScript are
+//! [left-associative](https://wiki.beyondunreal.com/Operators).
+//!
+//! 12: `**`
+//! 16: `*`, `/`, `Cross`, `Dot`
+//! 18: `%`
+//! 20: `+`, `-`
+//! 22: `<<`, `>>`, `>>>`
+//! 24: `<`, `>`, `<=`, `>=`, `==`, `~=`, `ClockwiseFrom`
+//! 26: `!=`
+//! 28: `&`, `^`, `|`
+//! 30: `&&`, `^^`
+//! 32: `||`
+//! 34: `*=`, `/=`, `+=`, `-=`
+//! 40: `$`, `*`, `@`
+//! 44: `$=`, `*=`, `@=`
+//! 45: `-=`
+//!
+//! Some operator, such as `*`, appear twice with different precedence
+//! ranks because they were defined with different values for different types
+//! in separate script source files (as in the Killing Floor sources).  
+//! However, UnrealScript uses only the first definition it encounters in
+//! `Object.uc`, which corresponds to the lower value.
+//!
+//! ### Prefix operators
+//!
+//! `!`, `~`, `-`, `++`, `--`.
+//!
+//! ### Postfix operators
+//!
+//! `++`, `--`.
+
+use crate::ast::{InfixOperator, PostfixOperator, PrefixOperator};
+use crate::lexer::Token;
+
+/// Compact precedence rank used by the Pratt Parser.
+///
+/// A smaller number means tighter binding, and a larger number means looser
+/// binding. This inverted scale matches how UnrealScript tables were recorded.
+#[must_use]
+#[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug, Hash, PartialEq, Eq, PartialOrd, Ord)]
+pub(crate) struct PrecedenceRank(u8);
+
+impl PrecedenceRank {
+    /// The loosest possible precedence rank.
+    ///
+    /// In this inverted scale (smaller number = tighter binding),
+    /// this is represented by the maximum [`u8`] value.
+    pub const LOOSEST: Self = PrecedenceRank(u8::MAX);
+
+    /// The tightest possible precedence rank.
+    ///
+    /// In this inverted scale (smaller number = tighter binding),
+    /// this is represented by zero.
+    pub const TIGHTEST: PrecedenceRank = PrecedenceRank(0);
+
+    /// Returns `true` if `other` has a looser binding than `self`.
+    ///
+    /// # Examples
+    ///
+    /// ```
+    /// # use crate::parser::expressions::PrecedenceRank;
+    /// let a = PrecedenceRank(40);
+    /// let b = PrecedenceRank(34);
+    /// assert!(a.is_looser_than(b)); // 40 is looser than 34
+    ///
+    /// let c = PrecedenceRank(20);
+    /// let d = PrecedenceRank(24);
+    /// assert!(!c.is_looser_than(d)); // 20 is tighter than 24
+    /// ```
+    pub fn is_looser_than(self, other: Self) -> bool {
+        self.0 > other.0
+    }
+}
+
+impl TryFrom<Token> for PrefixOperator {
+    type Error = ();
+    fn try_from(token: Token) -> Result<Self, Self::Error> {
+        use PrefixOperator::*;
+        Ok(match token {
+            Token::Not => Not,
+            Token::Minus => Minus,
+            Token::BitwiseNot => BitwiseNot,
+            Token::Increment => Increment,
+            Token::Decrement => Decrement,
+            _ => return Err(()),
+        })
+    }
+}
+
+impl TryFrom<Token> for PostfixOperator {
+    type Error = ();
+    fn try_from(token: Token) -> Result<Self, Self::Error> {
+        use PostfixOperator::*;
+        Ok(match token {
+            Token::Increment => Increment,
+            Token::Decrement => Decrement,
+            _ => return Err(()),
+        })
+    }
+}
+
+/// Maps a token to its infix operator along with its left and right binding
+/// ranks: `(left_precedence_rank, operator, right_precedence_rank)`.
+///
+/// Returns [`None`] if and only if `token` is not an infix operator.
+pub(crate) fn infix_precedence_ranks(
+    token: Token,
+) -> Option<(PrecedenceRank, InfixOperator, PrecedenceRank)> {
+    use crate::ast::InfixOperator::*;
+    let (left_precedence_rank, operator) = match token {
+        // 12: `**`
+        Token::Exponentiation => (12, Exponentiation),
+        // 16: `*`, `/`, `Cross`, `Dot` (left-assoc)
+        Token::Multiply => (16, Multiply),
+        Token::Divide => (16, Divide),
+        Token::Cross => (16, Cross),
+        Token::Dot => (16, Dot),
+        // 18: `%`
+        Token::Modulo => (18, Modulo),
+        // 20: `+`, `-`
+        Token::Plus => (20, Plus),
+        Token::Minus => (20, Minus),
+        // 22: `<<`, `>>`, `>>>`
+        Token::LeftShift => (22, LeftShift),
+        Token::RightShift => (22, RightShift),
+        Token::LogicalRightShift => (22, LogicalRightShift),
+        // 24: comparison operators
+        Token::Less => (24, Less),
+        Token::LessEqual => (24, LessEqual),
+        Token::Greater => (24, Greater),
+        Token::GreaterEqual => (24, GreaterEqual),
+        Token::Equal => (24, Equal),
+        Token::ApproximatelyEqual => (24, ApproximatelyEqual),
+        Token::ClockwiseFrom => (24, ClockwiseFrom),
+        // 26: `!=`
+        Token::NotEqual => (26, NotEqual),
+        // 28: bit-wise `&`, `^`, `|`
+        Token::BitwiseAnd => (28, BitwiseAnd),
+        Token::BitwiseXor => (28, BitwiseXor),
+        Token::BitwiseOr => (28, BitwiseOr),
+        // 30: logical `&&`, `^^`
+        Token::And => (30, And),
+        Token::Xor => (30, Xor),
+        // 32: logical `||`
+        Token::Or => (32, Or),
+        // 34: `*=`, `/=`, `+=`, `-=`
+        Token::MultiplyAssign => (34, MultiplyAssign),
+        Token::DivideAssign => (34, DivideAssign),
+        Token::PlusAssign => (34, PlusAssign),
+        Token::MinusAssign => (34, MinusAssign),
+        // Simple '=' treated with same precedence
+        Token::Assign => (34, Assign),
+        Token::ModuloAssign => (34, ModuloAssign),
+        // 40: `$`, `@`
+        Token::Concat => (40, Concat),
+        Token::ConcatSpace => (40, ConcatSpace),
+        // 44: `$=`, `@=`
+        Token::ConcatAssign => (44, ConcatAssign),
+        Token::ConcatSpaceAssign => (44, ConcatSpaceAssign),
+        _ => return None,
+    };
+    // All operators are left-associative, so `right_precedence_rank` is set to
+    // `left_binding_rank - 1` (with our "smaller is tighter" scale, this
+    // enforces left associativity in Pratt parsing).
+    //
+    // Since all precedences are even, subtracting one won't actually cross
+    // any boundary between operator groups.
+    Some((
+        PrecedenceRank(left_precedence_rank),
+        operator,
+        PrecedenceRank(left_precedence_rank - 1),
+    ))
+}
diff --git a/rottlib/src/parser/grammar/statements.rs b/rottlib/src/parser/grammar/statements.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e039c34
--- /dev/null
+++ b/rottlib/src/parser/grammar/statements.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,185 @@
+//! Statement parsing for the language front-end.
+//!
+//! Implements a simple recursive-descent parser for
+//! *Fermented UnrealScript statements*.
+
+use crate::ast::{AstSpan, Statement, StatementRef};
+use crate::lexer::Token;
+use crate::parser::{ParseErrorKind, ResultRecoveryExt, SyncLevel};
+
+impl<'src, 'arena> crate::parser::Parser<'src, 'arena> {
+    /// Parses a single statement.
+    ///
+    /// Does not consume a trailing `;` except for [`Statement::Empty`].
+    /// The caller handles semicolons. Returns [`Some`] if a statement is
+    /// recognized; otherwise [`None`].
+    #[must_use]
+    pub(crate) fn parse_statement(&mut self) -> Option<StatementRef<'src, 'arena>> {
+        let Some((token, lexeme, location)) = self.peek_token_lexeme_and_location() else {
+            self.report_error_here(ParseErrorKind::UnexpectedEndOfFile);
+            return None;
+        };
+        match token {
+            // Empty statement
+            Token::Semicolon => {
+                self.advance(); // `;`
+                Some(self.arena.alloc(Statement::Empty, AstSpan::new(location)))
+            }
+            // UnrealScript's standard `local` variable declaration
+            Token::Local => {
+                self.advance(); // `local`
+                Some(
+                    self.parse_local_variable_declaration_cont()
+                        .widen_error_span_from(location)
+                        .sync_error_until(self, SyncLevel::Statement)
+                        .unwrap_or_fallback(self),
+                )
+            }
+            // Label definition
+            Token::Identifier if matches!(self.peek_token_at(1), Some(Token::Colon)) => {
+                self.advance(); // `Token::Identifier`
+                self.advance(); // `:`
+                Some(self.arena.alloc(
+                    Statement::Label(self.arena.string(lexeme)),
+                    AstSpan::range(location, self.last_visited_location()),
+                ))
+            }
+            // C-like variable declaration
+            token
+                if token.is_valid_type_name_token()
+                    && Some(Token::Identifier) == self.peek_token_at(1) =>
+            {
+                self.advance(); // `TYPE_NAME`
+                // Next token is guaranteed to exist by the arm condition
+                Some(self.parse_variable_declaration_cont(lexeme))
+            }
+            // Not a statement
+            _ => None,
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Parses a local variable declaration after `local` has been consumed.
+    ///
+    /// Requires the next token to be a type name. Initializers are not allowed.
+    /// Reports and recovers from errors; the identifier list may be empty if
+    /// recovery fails.
+    fn parse_local_variable_declaration_cont(
+        &mut self,
+    ) -> crate::parser::ParseResult<'src, 'arena, StatementRef<'src, 'arena>> {
+        let Some((type_token, type_name)) = self.peek_token_and_lexeme() else {
+            return Err(self.make_error_here(ParseErrorKind::UnexpectedEndOfFile));
+        };
+        if !type_token.is_valid_type_name_token() {
+            return Err(self.make_error_here(ParseErrorKind::LocalInvalidTypeName));
+        }
+        let declaration_start_location = self.last_visited_location();
+        self.advance(); // `TYPE_NAME`
+
+        let type_name = self.arena.string(type_name);
+        let identifiers = self.parse_local_identifier_list();
+        if identifiers.is_empty() {
+            self.make_error_here(ParseErrorKind::LocalMissingIdentifier)
+                .widen_error_span_from(declaration_start_location)
+                .report_error(self);
+        }
+        Ok(self.arena.alloc(
+            Statement::LocalVariableDeclaration {
+                type_name,
+                identifiers,
+            },
+            AstSpan::range(declaration_start_location, self.last_visited_location()),
+        ))
+    }
+
+    /// Parses a comma-separated list of identifiers for a local declaration.
+    ///
+    /// Best-effort recovery from errors. Returns an empty list if no valid
+    /// identifiers are found.
+    fn parse_local_identifier_list(
+        &mut self,
+    ) -> crate::arena::ArenaVec<'arena, crate::arena::ArenaString<'arena>> {
+        let mut identifiers = self.arena.vec();
+        while let Some((token, next_variable_name)) = self.peek_token_and_lexeme() {
+            if token == Token::Identifier {
+                identifiers.push(self.arena.string(next_variable_name));
+                self.advance(); // `Token::Identifier`
+            } else {
+                self.report_error_here(ParseErrorKind::LocalBadVariableIdentifier);
+                // Try to recover to the next variable name
+                self.recover_until(SyncLevel::ListSeparator);
+            }
+
+            // Disallow initializers in `local`.
+            if let Some(Token::Assign) = self.peek_token() {
+                self.report_error_here(ParseErrorKind::LocalInitializerNotAllowed);
+                self.recover_until(SyncLevel::ListSeparator);
+            }
+
+            // Can the list continue?
+            // Loop cannot stall: each iteration consumes a token or breaks
+            if !self.eat(Token::Comma) {
+                break;
+            }
+        }
+        // End-of-file branch
+        identifiers
+    }
+
+    /// Parses a non-local variable declaration after the type name token
+    /// has been consumed.
+    ///
+    /// The caller must guarantee that at least one declarator follows.
+    /// Optional initializers are allowed.
+    fn parse_variable_declaration_cont(
+        &mut self,
+        type_name: &'src str,
+    ) -> StatementRef<'src, 'arena> {
+        let declaration_start_location = self.last_visited_location();
+        let type_name = self.arena.string(type_name);
+        let declarations = self.parse_variable_declaration_list();
+        // An identifier required by method's condition
+        debug_assert!(!declarations.is_empty());
+        self.arena.alloc(
+            Statement::VariableDeclaration {
+                type_name,
+                declarations,
+            },
+            AstSpan::range(declaration_start_location, self.last_visited_location()),
+        )
+    }
+
+    /// Parses a comma-separated list of declarators with optional `=`
+    /// initializers.
+    ///
+    /// Best-effort recovery on errors.
+    /// The caller should invoke this when the next token starts a declarator.
+    fn parse_variable_declaration_list(
+        &mut self,
+    ) -> crate::arena::ArenaVec<'arena, crate::ast::VariableDeclarator<'src, 'arena>> {
+        let mut variables = self.arena.vec();
+        while let Some((token, next_variable_name)) = self.peek_token_and_lexeme() {
+            if token == Token::Identifier {
+                self.advance(); // `Token::Identifier`
+                let name = self.arena.string(next_variable_name);
+                let initializer = if self.eat(Token::Assign) {
+                    Some(self.parse_expression())
+                } else {
+                    None
+                };
+                variables.push(crate::ast::VariableDeclarator { name, initializer });
+            } else {
+                self.report_error_here(ParseErrorKind::DeclBadVariableIdentifier);
+                // Try to recover to the next variable name
+                self.recover_until(SyncLevel::ListSeparator);
+            }
+
+            // Can the list continue?
+            // Loop cannot stall: each iteration consumes a token or breaks
+            if !self.eat(Token::Comma) {
+                break;
+            }
+        }
+        // End-of-file branch
+        variables
+    }
+}
diff --git a/rottlib/src/parser/grammar/switch.rs b/rottlib/src/parser/grammar/switch.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..750bf6d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/rottlib/src/parser/grammar/switch.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,227 @@
+use crate::arena::ArenaVec;
+use crate::ast::{AstSpan, ExpressionRef, StatementRef};
+use crate::lexer::{Token, TokenLocation};
+use crate::parser::{ParseErrorKind, ResultRecoveryExt};
+
+impl<'src, 'arena> crate::parser::Parser<'src, 'arena> {
+    /// Parses a `switch` expression after the `switch` keyword was consumed.
+    ///
+    /// Arm bodies accept statements and expressions. A last, expression without
+    /// `;` in the last arm becomes the switch's tail value if none was
+    /// captured yet.
+    /// Only one `default` case arm is allowed.
+    /// Returns a best-effort switch node on premature EOF.
+    #[must_use]
+    pub(crate) fn parse_switch_cont(
+        &mut self,
+        switch_start_location: TokenLocation,
+    ) -> crate::parser::ParseExpressionResult<'src, 'arena> {
+        let selector = self.parse_expression();
+        self.expect(
+            Token::Brace(crate::lexer::BraceKind::Normal),
+            ParseErrorKind::SwitchMissingBody,
+        )
+        .report_error(self);
+        let (mut cases, mut default_arm, mut tail) = (self.arena.vec(), None, None);
+        let mut span = AstSpan::new(switch_start_location);
+        loop {
+            let Some((token, token_location)) = self.peek_token_and_location() else {
+                self.report_error_here(ParseErrorKind::UnexpectedEndOfFile);
+                span.extend_to(self.peek_location());
+                return Ok(self.alloc_switch_node(selector, cases, default_arm, tail, span));
+            };
+            match token {
+                Token::RightBrace => {
+                    self.advance(); // '}'
+                    span.extend_to(token_location);
+                    return Ok(self.alloc_switch_node(selector, cases, default_arm, tail, span));
+                }
+                Token::Case => {
+                    if default_arm.is_some() {
+                        self.report_error_here(ParseErrorKind::SwitchCasesAfterDefault);
+                    }
+                    let case_node = self.parse_switch_case_group(token_location, &mut tail);
+                    cases.push(case_node);
+                }
+                Token::Default => {
+                    if default_arm.is_some() {
+                        self.report_error_here(ParseErrorKind::SwitchDuplicateDefault);
+                    }
+                    // We still parse a duplicate default to surface all errors.
+                    // Bodies are effectively fused for error reporting;
+                    // compilation stops anyway, so this trades AST correctness
+                    // for diagnostics.
+                    self.parse_switch_default_arm(
+                        token_location,
+                        default_arm.get_or_insert_with(|| self.arena.vec()),
+                        &mut tail,
+                    );
+                }
+                // This can only be triggered before parsing any `case` or
+                // `default` arms, since they stop either at the start of
+                // another arm declaration (e.g. at `case`/`default`) or
+                // at the `}` that ends switch body.
+                _ => self.parse_switch_preamble_items(&mut tail),
+            }
+            // Ensure forward progress under errors to avoid infinite loops.
+            if self.peek_location() <= token_location {
+                self.advance();
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Parses a stacked `case` group and its body:
+    /// `case <expr>: (case <expr>:)* <arm-body-until-boundary>`.
+    ///
+    /// Returns the allocated [`crate::ast::CaseRef`] node.
+    #[must_use]
+    fn parse_switch_case_group(
+        &mut self,
+        first_case_location: TokenLocation,
+        tail: &mut Option<ExpressionRef<'src, 'arena>>,
+    ) -> crate::ast::CaseRef<'src, 'arena> {
+        let mut labels = self.arena.vec();
+        while let Some((Token::Case, case_location)) = self.peek_token_and_location() {
+            // Guaranteed progress: we entered on `Token::Case`.
+            self.advance(); // 'case'
+            labels.push(self.parse_expression());
+
+            // Enforce `:` after each case with statement-level recovery.
+            self.expect(Token::Colon, ParseErrorKind::SwitchCaseMissingColon)
+                .widen_error_span_from(case_location)
+                .sync_error_until(self, crate::parser::SyncLevel::Statement)
+                .report_error(self);
+        }
+        let mut body = self.arena.vec();
+        self.parse_switch_arm_body(&mut body, tail);
+        let case_span = compute_case_span(first_case_location, &labels, &body);
+        self.arena
+            .alloc(crate::ast::SwitchCase { labels, body }, case_span)
+    }
+
+    /// Parses the `default :` arm and its body.
+    ///
+    /// Does not consume a boundary token after the body.
+    fn parse_switch_default_arm(
+        &mut self,
+        default_location: TokenLocation,
+        statements: &mut ArenaVec<'arena, StatementRef<'src, 'arena>>,
+        tail: &mut Option<ExpressionRef<'src, 'arena>>,
+    ) {
+        self.advance(); // 'default'
+        self.expect(Token::Colon, ParseErrorKind::SwitchCaseMissingColon)
+            .widen_error_span_from(default_location)
+            .sync_error_until(self, crate::parser::SyncLevel::Statement)
+            .report_error(self);
+        self.parse_switch_arm_body(statements, tail);
+    }
+
+    /// Parses items of a single switch arm body until a boundary token or EOF.
+    ///
+    /// Boundary tokens: `case`, `default`, `}`.
+    fn parse_switch_arm_body(
+        &mut self,
+        statements: &mut ArenaVec<'arena, StatementRef<'src, 'arena>>,
+        tail: &mut Option<ExpressionRef<'src, 'arena>>,
+    ) {
+        // No need to report end-of-file as it'll be done by
+        // `parse_switch_cont`.
+        while let Some((token, token_location)) = self.peek_token_and_location() {
+            match token {
+                // Complain about tail instruction if `switch` body
+                // doesn't end here
+                Token::Case | Token::Default => {
+                    if let Some(tail_expression) = tail.take() {
+                        self.report_error_here(ParseErrorKind::SwitchBareExpressionBeforeNextArm);
+                        let span = *tail_expression.span();
+                        let stmt = self
+                            .arena
+                            .alloc(crate::ast::Statement::Expression(tail_expression), span);
+                        statements.push(stmt);
+                    }
+                    break;
+                }
+                Token::RightBrace => break,
+                _ => (),
+            }
+            // We know that at this point:
+            // 1. There is still a token and it is not EOF;
+            // 2. It isn't end of the block.
+            // So having a tail statement there is a problem!
+            if let Some(tail_expression) = tail.take() {
+                self.report_error_here(ParseErrorKind::BlockMissingSemicolonAfterExpression);
+                let tail_span = *tail_expression.span();
+                let node = self.arena.alloc(
+                    crate::ast::Statement::Expression(tail_expression),
+                    tail_span,
+                );
+                statements.push(node);
+            }
+            *tail = self.parse_block_item(statements);
+            // Ensure forward progress under errors to avoid infinite loops.
+            if self.peek_location() <= token_location {
+                self.advance();
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Parses items that were found in code *before* any arm (`case`/`default`)
+    /// declaration.
+    ///
+    /// These aren't allowed, but we still want to perform a proper parsing step
+    /// to report whatever errors we can in case programmer simply forgot to put
+    /// an arm declaration.
+    ///
+    /// Boundary tokens: `case`, `default`, `}`.
+    fn parse_switch_preamble_items(&mut self, tail: &mut Option<ExpressionRef<'src, 'arena>>) {
+        // Report the spurious token.
+        self.report_error_here(ParseErrorKind::SwitchTopLevelItemNotCase);
+
+        // Discard parsed statements into a sink vector.
+        // This is a bit "hacky", but I don't want to adapt code to skip
+        // production of AST nodes just to report errors in
+        // one problematic case.
+        let mut sink = self.arena.vec();
+        self.parse_switch_arm_body(&mut sink, tail);
+    }
+
+    /// Helper to allocate a `Switch` expression with the given span.
+    #[must_use]
+    fn alloc_switch_node(
+        &mut self,
+        selector: ExpressionRef<'src, 'arena>,
+        cases: ArenaVec<'arena, crate::ast::CaseRef<'src, 'arena>>,
+        default_arm: Option<ArenaVec<'arena, StatementRef<'src, 'arena>>>,
+        tail: Option<ExpressionRef<'src, 'arena>>,
+        span: AstSpan,
+    ) -> ExpressionRef<'src, 'arena> {
+        self.arena.alloc(
+            crate::ast::Expression::Switch {
+                selector,
+                cases,
+                default_arm,
+                tail,
+            },
+            span,
+        )
+    }
+}
+
+/// Computes [`AstSpan`] covering all labels and the body.
+#[must_use]
+fn compute_case_span(
+    labels_start_location: TokenLocation,
+    labels: &[ExpressionRef],
+    body: &[StatementRef],
+) -> AstSpan {
+    let mut span = AstSpan {
+        from: labels_start_location,
+        to: labels_start_location,
+    };
+    if let Some(last_statement) = body.last() {
+        span.extend_to(last_statement.span().to);
+    } else if let Some(last_label) = labels.last() {
+        span.extend_to(last_label.span().to);
+    }
+    span
+}
diff --git a/rottlib/src/parser/mod.rs b/rottlib/src/parser/mod.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..71fd299
--- /dev/null
+++ b/rottlib/src/parser/mod.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,66 @@
+//! Parser for Fermented UnrealScript (FerUS).
+//!
+//! Consumes tokens from [`crate::lexer::TokenizedFile`] and allocates AST
+//! nodes in [`crate::arena::Arena`]. Basic expressions use a Pratt parser;
+//! the rest rely on recursive descent in [`crate::parser::grammar`].  
+//! Non-fatal errors accumulate in `Parser::diagnostics` as
+//! [`crate::diagnostics::Diagnostic`]; recovery skips to sync points defined by
+//! [`crate::parser::recovery::SyncLevel`] and synthesizes error nodes while
+//! keeping the parse going.
+//!
+//! Components:
+//! - `cursor`: token I/O, `peek`/`advance`, and lazy trivia capture;
+//! - `trivia`: trailing comments and newline counts keyed to
+//!     the previous significant token and BOF;
+//! - `recovery`: panic-mode skipping and recovery adapters for results;
+//! - `pretty`: printable trees (`ExprTree`, `StmtTree`) for messages and dumps;
+//! - `errors`: [`ParseError`] and [`ParseErrorKind`].
+//!
+//! Lifetimes: `'src` ties to lexer slices; `'arena` ties to AST allocation.
+//!
+//! Guarantees:
+//!
+//! - Parser does not abort on user input. It emits diagnostics and error nodes.
+//! - Trivia is recorded as you scan and can be queried by formatters/linters.
+//! - Public surface keeps [`Parser`] small;
+//!     low-level plumbing lives in submodules.
+
+use super::lexer;
+
+pub use lexer::{TokenPiece, Tokens};
+
+mod cursor;
+mod errors;
+mod grammar;
+pub mod pretty;
+mod recovery;
+mod trivia;
+
+pub use pretty::{ExprTree, StmtTree};
+
+pub use errors::ParseError;
+pub(crate) use errors::{ParseErrorKind, ParseResult};
+pub(crate) use recovery::{ResultRecoveryExt, SyncLevel};
+pub(crate) use trivia::{TriviaKind, TriviaToken};
+
+pub type ParseExpressionResult<'src, 'arena> =
+    ParseResult<'src, 'arena, crate::ast::ExpressionRef<'src, 'arena>>;
+
+/// A recursive-descent parser over token from [`crate::lexer::TokenizedFile`].
+pub struct Parser<'src, 'arena> {
+    arena: &'arena crate::arena::Arena,
+    pub diagnostics: Vec<crate::diagnostics::Diagnostic>,
+    cursor: cursor::CursorComponent<'src>,
+    trivia: trivia::TriviaComponent<'src>,
+}
+
+impl<'src, 'arena> Parser<'src, 'arena> {
+    pub fn new(file: &'src lexer::TokenizedFile<'src>, arena: &'arena crate::arena::Arena) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            arena,
+            diagnostics: Vec::new(),
+            cursor: cursor::CursorComponent::new(file),
+            trivia: trivia::TriviaComponent::default(),
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/rottlib/src/parser/pretty.rs b/rottlib/src/parser/pretty.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6861493
--- /dev/null
+++ b/rottlib/src/parser/pretty.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,353 @@
+use crate::ast::{Expression, Statement, SwitchCase, VariableDeclarator};
+use core::fmt;
+
+/// A borrow of either a statement or an expression node,
+/// plus helpers to enrich the printed tree.
+enum AnyNode<'src, 'a, 'b> {
+    Stmt(&'b Statement<'src, 'a>),
+    Expr(&'b Expression<'src, 'a>),
+    Case(&'b SwitchCase<'src, 'a>),
+    /// A leaf line with a preformatted label (e.g., variable names).
+    Text(String),
+    /// Wraps a child with a tag like "cond", "body", "else", "init".
+    Tagged(&'static str, Box<AnyNode<'src, 'a, 'b>>),
+}
+
+/// Public wrappers to print trees starting from either kind of node.
+pub struct StmtTree<'src, 'a, 'b>(pub &'b Statement<'src, 'a>);
+pub struct ExprTree<'src, 'a, 'b>(pub &'b Expression<'src, 'a>);
+
+impl<'src, 'a, 'b> fmt::Display for StmtTree<'src, 'a, 'b> {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
+        fmt_node(AnyNode::Stmt(self.0), f, "", true)
+    }
+}
+impl<'src, 'a, 'b> fmt::Display for ExprTree<'src, 'a, 'b> {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
+        fmt_node(AnyNode::Expr(self.0), f, "", true)
+    }
+}
+
+fn fmt_node<'src, 'a, 'b>(
+    node: AnyNode<'src, 'a, 'b>,
+    f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>,
+    prefix: &str,
+    is_last: bool,
+) -> fmt::Result {
+    write!(f, "{}{}─ ", prefix, if is_last { "└" } else { "├" })?;
+    writeln!(f, "{}", label(&node))?;
+
+    let new_prefix = format!("{}{}", prefix, if is_last { "   " } else { "│  " });
+    let kids = children(node);
+    let len = kids.len();
+    for (i, child) in kids.into_iter().enumerate() {
+        let last = i + 1 == len;
+        fmt_node(child, f, &new_prefix, last)?;
+    }
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+/// ----- Labeling -----
+
+fn label<'src, 'a, 'b>(node: &AnyNode<'src, 'a, 'b>) -> String {
+    match node {
+        AnyNode::Expr(e) => expr_label(e),
+        AnyNode::Stmt(s) => stmt_label(s),
+        AnyNode::Case(c) => case_label(c),
+        AnyNode::Text(s) => s.clone(),
+        AnyNode::Tagged(tag, inner) => format!("{tag}: {}", label(inner)),
+    }
+}
+
+fn quote_str(s: &str) -> String {
+    let mut out = String::with_capacity(s.len() + 2);
+    out.push('"');
+    for ch in s.chars() {
+        match ch {
+            '\\' => out.push_str("\\\\"),
+            '"' => out.push_str("\\\""),
+            '\n' => out.push_str("\\n"),
+            '\r' => out.push_str("\\r"),
+            '\t' => out.push_str("\\t"),
+            c => out.push(c),
+        }
+    }
+    out.push('"');
+    out
+}
+
+fn expr_label<'src, 'a>(e: &Expression<'src, 'a>) -> String {
+    match e {
+        Expression::Binary(_, op, _) => format!("Binary {op}"),
+        Expression::LeftUnary(op, _) => format!("UnaryL {op}"),
+        Expression::RightUnary(_, op) => format!("UnaryR {op}"),
+
+        Expression::Identifier(s) => format!("Ident {s}"),
+        Expression::String(s) => {
+            // Avoid assuming ArenaString exposes &str; go via Display -> String.
+            format!("String {}", quote_str(&s.to_string()))
+        }
+        Expression::Integer(i) => format!("Int {i}"),
+        Expression::Float(x) => format!("Float {x}"),
+        Expression::Bool(true) => "Bool true".into(),
+        Expression::Bool(false) => "Bool false".into(),
+        Expression::None => "None".into(),
+        Expression::Parentheses(_) => "Parentheses".into(),
+
+        Expression::Block { statements, tail } => {
+            let n = statements.len() + usize::from(tail.is_some());
+            let tail_s = if tail.is_some() { " tail" } else { "" };
+            format!("BlockExpr ({n} items{tail_s})")
+        }
+        Expression::If { .. } => "IfExpr".into(),
+        Expression::While { .. } => "WhileExpr".into(),
+        Expression::DoUntil { .. } => "DoUntilExpr".into(),
+        Expression::ForEach { .. } => "ForEachExpr".into(),
+        Expression::For { .. } => "ForExpr".into(),
+        Expression::Switch {
+            cases,
+            default_arm: default,
+            ..
+        } => {
+            let d = if default.is_some() { " yes" } else { " no" };
+            format!("SwitchExpr cases={} default:{}", cases.len(), d)
+        }
+        Expression::Goto(label) => format!("Goto {}", label.to_string()),
+        Expression::Continue => "Continue".into(),
+        Expression::Break(Some(_)) => "Break value".into(),
+        Expression::Break(None) => "Break".into(),
+        Expression::Return(Some(_)) => "Return value".into(),
+        Expression::Return(None) => "Return".into(),
+
+        Expression::Error => "Error".into(),
+    }
+}
+
+/// ----- Children collection -----
+
+fn children<'src, 'a, 'b>(node: AnyNode<'src, 'a, 'b>) -> Vec<AnyNode<'src, 'a, 'b>> {
+    match node {
+        AnyNode::Expr(e) => expr_children(e),
+        AnyNode::Stmt(s) => stmt_children(s),
+        AnyNode::Case(c) => case_children(c),
+        AnyNode::Text(_) => vec![],
+        AnyNode::Tagged(_, inner) => children(*inner),
+    }
+}
+
+/// Expression children can include statements inside Block/Switch.
+fn expr_children<'src, 'a, 'b>(e: &'b Expression<'src, 'a>) -> Vec<AnyNode<'src, 'a, 'b>> {
+    match e {
+        // Purely expression subtrees
+        Expression::Binary(lhs, _, rhs) => vec![AnyNode::Expr(&*lhs), AnyNode::Expr(&*rhs)],
+        Expression::LeftUnary(_, expr) => vec![AnyNode::Expr(&*expr)],
+        Expression::RightUnary(expr, _) => vec![AnyNode::Expr(&*expr)],
+        Expression::Parentheses(expr) => vec![AnyNode::Expr(&*expr)],
+
+        // Structured expression forms
+        Expression::Block { statements, tail } => {
+            let mut out: Vec<AnyNode<'src, 'a, 'b>> = statements
+                .iter()
+                .map(|s| AnyNode::Tagged("stmt", Box::new(AnyNode::Stmt(&*s))))
+                .collect();
+            if let Some(t) = tail.as_ref() {
+                out.push(AnyNode::Tagged("tail", Box::new(AnyNode::Expr(&*t))));
+            }
+            out
+        }
+
+        Expression::If {
+            condition,
+            body,
+            else_body,
+        } => {
+            let mut out = vec![
+                AnyNode::Tagged("cond", Box::new(AnyNode::Expr(&*condition))),
+                AnyNode::Tagged("body", Box::new(AnyNode::Expr(&*body))),
+            ];
+            if let Some(e) = else_body {
+                out.push(AnyNode::Tagged("else", Box::new(AnyNode::Expr(&*e))));
+            }
+            out
+        }
+
+        Expression::While { condition, body } => vec![
+            AnyNode::Tagged("cond", Box::new(AnyNode::Expr(&*condition))),
+            AnyNode::Tagged("body", Box::new(AnyNode::Expr(&*body))),
+        ],
+
+        Expression::DoUntil { condition, body } => vec![
+            AnyNode::Tagged("body", Box::new(AnyNode::Expr(&*body))),
+            AnyNode::Tagged("until", Box::new(AnyNode::Expr(&*condition))),
+        ],
+
+        Expression::ForEach { iterator, body } => vec![
+            AnyNode::Tagged("iter", Box::new(AnyNode::Expr(&*iterator))),
+            AnyNode::Tagged("body", Box::new(AnyNode::Expr(&*body))),
+        ],
+
+        Expression::For {
+            init,
+            condition,
+            step,
+            body,
+        } => {
+            let mut out = Vec::with_capacity(4);
+            if let Some(i) = init {
+                out.push(AnyNode::Tagged("init", Box::new(AnyNode::Expr(&*i))));
+            }
+            if let Some(c) = condition {
+                out.push(AnyNode::Tagged("cond", Box::new(AnyNode::Expr(&*c))));
+            }
+            if let Some(s) = step {
+                out.push(AnyNode::Tagged("step", Box::new(AnyNode::Expr(&*s))));
+            }
+            out.push(AnyNode::Tagged("body", Box::new(AnyNode::Expr(&*body))));
+            out
+        }
+
+        Expression::Switch {
+            selector,
+            cases,
+            default_arm: default,
+            tail,
+        } => {
+            let mut out: Vec<AnyNode<'src, 'a, 'b>> = vec![AnyNode::Tagged(
+                "selector",
+                Box::new(AnyNode::Expr(&*selector)),
+            )];
+
+            for case in cases.iter() {
+                out.push(AnyNode::Tagged("case", Box::new(AnyNode::Case(&*case))));
+            }
+
+            if let Some(d) = default.as_ref() {
+                for stmt in d.iter() {
+                    out.push(AnyNode::Tagged("default", Box::new(AnyNode::Stmt(&*stmt))));
+                }
+            }
+
+            if let Some(t) = tail.as_ref() {
+                out.push(AnyNode::Tagged("tail", Box::new(AnyNode::Expr(&*t))));
+            }
+
+            out
+        }
+
+        // Leaves
+        Expression::Identifier(_)
+        | Expression::String(_)
+        | Expression::Integer(_)
+        | Expression::Float(_)
+        | Expression::Bool(_)
+        | Expression::None
+        | Expression::Goto(_)
+        | Expression::Continue
+        | Expression::Break(None)
+        | Expression::Return(None)
+        | Expression::Error => vec![],
+
+        // Single optional-child leaves
+        Expression::Break(Some(v)) => vec![AnyNode::Tagged("value", Box::new(AnyNode::Expr(&*v)))],
+        Expression::Return(Some(v)) => {
+            vec![AnyNode::Tagged("value", Box::new(AnyNode::Expr(&*v)))]
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+fn stmt_label<'src, 'a>(s: &Statement<'src, 'a>) -> String {
+    use Statement::*;
+    match s {
+        Empty => "Empty ;".into(),
+        Expression(_) => "Expression".into(),
+
+        LocalVariableDeclaration {
+            type_name,
+            identifiers: variable_names,
+        } => {
+            let count = variable_names.len();
+            let names = variable_names
+                .iter()
+                .map(|n| n.to_string())
+                .collect::<Vec<_>>()
+                .join(", ");
+            format!("LocalVarDecl type={type_name} count={count} names=[{names}]")
+        }
+
+        VariableDeclaration {
+            type_name,
+            declarations: variable_names,
+        } => {
+            let total = variable_names.len();
+            let inits = variable_names
+                .iter()
+                .filter(|v| v.initializer.is_some())
+                .count();
+            let names = variable_names
+                .iter()
+                .map(|VariableDeclarator { name, .. }| name.to_string())
+                .collect::<Vec<_>>()
+                .join(", ");
+            format!("VarDecl type={type_name} vars={total} inits={inits} names=[{names}]")
+        }
+
+        Label(name) => format!("Label {name}"),
+
+        Error => "Error".into(),
+    }
+}
+
+fn stmt_children<'src, 'a, 'b>(s: &'b Statement<'src, 'a>) -> Vec<AnyNode<'src, 'a, 'b>> {
+    use Statement::*;
+    match s {
+        Empty | Label(_) | Error => vec![],
+
+        Expression(expr) => vec![AnyNode::Expr(&*expr)],
+
+        LocalVariableDeclaration {
+            identifiers: variable_names,
+            ..
+        } => variable_names
+            .iter()
+            .map(|n| AnyNode::Text(format!("name: {n}")))
+            .collect(),
+
+        VariableDeclaration {
+            declarations: variable_names,
+            ..
+        } => {
+            let mut out = Vec::new();
+            for VariableDeclarator {
+                name,
+                initializer: initial_value,
+            } in variable_names.iter()
+            {
+                out.push(AnyNode::Text(format!("var: {name}")));
+                if let Some(init_expr) = initial_value {
+                    out.push(AnyNode::Tagged(
+                        "init",
+                        Box::new(AnyNode::Expr(&*init_expr)),
+                    ));
+                }
+            }
+            out
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+fn case_children<'src, 'a, 'b>(c: &'b SwitchCase<'src, 'a>) -> Vec<AnyNode<'src, 'a, 'b>> {
+    let mut out = Vec::new();
+    for lbl in c.labels.iter() {
+        out.push(AnyNode::Tagged("label", Box::new(AnyNode::Expr(&*lbl))));
+    }
+    for stmt in c.body.iter() {
+        out.push(AnyNode::Tagged("stmt", Box::new(AnyNode::Stmt(&*stmt))));
+    }
+    out
+}
+
+fn case_label<'src, 'a>(c: &SwitchCase<'src, 'a>) -> String {
+    let l = c.labels.len();
+    let b = c.body.len();
+    format!("Case labels={l} body_items={b}")
+}
diff --git a/rottlib/src/parser/recovery.rs b/rottlib/src/parser/recovery.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..84f95e5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/rottlib/src/parser/recovery.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,253 @@
+//! Best-effort error recovery utilities.
+//!
+//! The parser recovers from errors by skipping tokens until a synchronization
+//! token is found. The sync target is chosen from [`SyncLevel`] based on
+//! the error kind. Methods on [`ParseResult`] let callers widen the error span,
+//! synchronize, report, and produce fallback values.
+
+use crate::lexer::{Token, TokenLocation};
+use crate::parser::{ParseError, ParseResult, Parser};
+
+/// Synchronization groups the parser can stop at during recovery.
+///
+/// Stronger levels subsume weaker ones. The enum's variant order defines this
+/// ordering of strength via [`Ord`]; changing it changes recovery behavior.
+#[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug, Hash, Eq, PartialEq, PartialOrd, Ord)]
+pub(crate) enum SyncLevel {
+    /// Tokens that appear inside expressions.
+    ///
+    /// Includes operators, member access `.`, ternary `? :`, an opening `(`,
+    /// and identifiers.
+    Expression,
+    /// List separator `,`.
+    ListSeparator,
+    /// Close of a parenthesized subexpression `)`.
+    CloseParenthesis,
+    /// Close of an index or list `]`.
+    CloseBracket,
+    /// Statement boundary or starter.
+    Statement,
+    /// Block boundary braces (both `{` and `}`).
+    BlockBoundary,
+    /// Start of a top-level or class-level declaration.
+    TopDeclaration,
+}
+
+impl SyncLevel {
+    /// Converts [`Token`] to its [`SyncLevel`], if it has one.
+    fn for_token(token: Token) -> Option<SyncLevel> {
+        use SyncLevel::*;
+        use Token::*;
+
+        match token {
+            Exponentiation | Increment | Decrement | Not | BitwiseNot | Dot | Cross | Multiply
+            | Divide | Modulo | Plus | Minus | ConcatSpace | Concat | LeftShift
+            | LogicalRightShift | RightShift | Less | LessEqual | Greater | GreaterEqual
+            | Equal | NotEqual | ApproximatelyEqual | ClockwiseFrom | BitwiseAnd | BitwiseOr
+            | BitwiseXor | And | Xor | Or | Assign | MultiplyAssign | DivideAssign
+            | ModuloAssign | PlusAssign | MinusAssign | ConcatAssign | ConcatSpaceAssign
+            | Period | Question | Colon | LeftParenthesis | Identifier => Some(Expression),
+
+            Comma => Some(ListSeparator),
+
+            RightParenthesis => Some(CloseParenthesis),
+            RightBracket => Some(CloseBracket),
+
+            Case | Default | If | Else | Switch | For | ForEach | While | Do | Return | Break
+            | Continue | Local | Semicolon => Some(Statement),
+
+            Brace(_) | RightBrace => Some(BlockBoundary),
+
+            Class | Struct | Enum | State | Function | Event | Delegate | Operator | Var
+            | Replication | NativeReplication | DefaultProperties | CppText | ExecDirective => {
+                Some(TopDeclaration)
+            }
+
+            _ => Option::None,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'src, 'arena> Parser<'src, 'arena> {
+    /// Converts a parse error into a diagnostic and queues it.
+    ///
+    /// Placeholder implementation.
+    fn handle_error(&mut self, error: ParseError) {
+        let diagnostic = crate::diagnostics::DiagnosticBuilder::error(format!(
+            "error {:?} while parsing",
+            error.kind
+        ))
+        .primary_label(error.source_span, "happened here")
+        .build();
+        self.diagnostics.push(diagnostic);
+    }
+
+    /// Reports a parser error with [`crate::parser::ParseErrorKind`] at
+    /// the current location and queues an appropriate diagnostic.
+    pub fn report_error_here(&mut self, error_kind: crate::parser::ParseErrorKind) {
+        let new_error = self.make_error_here(error_kind);
+        self.handle_error(new_error);
+    }
+
+    /// Skips tokens until a token with `min_sync` level or stronger is found.
+    ///
+    /// Reaches end-of-file if no qualifying token is found.
+    pub(crate) fn recover_until(&mut self, min_sync: SyncLevel) {
+        while let Some(next_token) = self.peek_token() {
+            if let Some(next_token_sync_level) = SyncLevel::for_token(next_token)
+                && next_token_sync_level >= min_sync
+            {
+                break;
+            }
+            // Always advances when `peek_token()` is `Some(...)`,
+            // so the loop cannot be infinite.
+            self.advance();
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// Supplies a fallback value after a parse error so parsing can continue and
+/// reveal further errors.
+pub(crate) trait RecoveryFallback<'src, 'arena>: Sized {
+    fn fallback_value(parser: &Parser<'src, 'arena>, err: &ParseError) -> Self;
+}
+
+/// Extends [`ParseResult`] with recovery-related methods for
+/// fluent error handling.
+pub(crate) trait ResultRecoveryExt<'src, 'arena, T>: Sized {
+    /// Extends the left end of the error span to `from`.
+    ///
+    /// Does nothing if `Self` is `Ok(...)`.
+    #[must_use]
+    fn widen_error_span_from(self, from: TokenLocation) -> Self;
+
+    /// Extends the right end of the error span up to but not including
+    /// the next token of the given sync `level`.
+    ///
+    /// Does nothing if `Self` is `Ok(...)`.
+    #[must_use]
+    fn sync_error_until(self, parser: &mut Parser<'src, 'arena>, level: SyncLevel) -> Self;
+
+    /// Extends the right end of the error span to include the next token of
+    /// the given sync `level`.
+    ///
+    /// Does nothing if `Self` is `Ok(...)`.
+    #[must_use]
+    fn sync_error_at(self, parser: &mut Parser<'src, 'arena>, level: SyncLevel) -> Self;
+
+    /// Either returns expected value or its best effort fallback.
+    #[must_use]
+    fn unwrap_or_fallback(self, parser: &mut Parser<'src, 'arena>) -> T;
+
+    /// Produces the contained value if successful,
+    /// or a fallback if an error occurred.
+    fn report_error(self, parser: &mut Parser<'src, 'arena>);
+}
+
+impl<'src, 'arena, T> ResultRecoveryExt<'src, 'arena, T> for ParseResult<'src, 'arena, T>
+where
+    T: RecoveryFallback<'src, 'arena>,
+{
+    fn widen_error_span_from(mut self, from: TokenLocation) -> Self {
+        if let Err(ref mut error) = self {
+            error.source_span.from = std::cmp::min(error.source_span.from, from);
+        }
+        self
+    }
+
+    fn sync_error_until(mut self, parser: &mut Parser<'src, 'arena>, level: SyncLevel) -> Self {
+        if let Err(ref mut error) = self {
+            parser.recover_until(level);
+            error.source_span.to = parser.last_visited_location();
+        }
+        self
+    }
+
+    fn sync_error_at(mut self, parser: &mut Parser<'src, 'arena>, level: SyncLevel) -> Self {
+        if let Err(ref mut error) = self {
+            parser.recover_until(level);
+            error.source_span.to = parser.peek_location();
+            // If we're at end-of-file, this'll simply do nothing.
+            parser.advance();
+        }
+        self
+    }
+
+    fn unwrap_or_fallback(self, parser: &mut Parser<'src, 'arena>) -> T {
+        self.unwrap_or_else(|error| {
+            let value = T::fallback_value(parser, &error);
+            parser.handle_error(error);
+            value
+        })
+    }
+
+    fn report_error(self, parser: &mut Parser<'src, 'arena>) {
+        if let Err(error) = self {
+            parser.handle_error(error);
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'src, 'arena> ResultRecoveryExt<'src, 'arena, ()> for ParseError {
+    fn widen_error_span_from(mut self, from: TokenLocation) -> Self {
+        self.source_span.from = std::cmp::min(self.source_span.from, from);
+        self
+    }
+
+    fn sync_error_until(mut self, parser: &mut Parser<'src, 'arena>, level: SyncLevel) -> Self {
+        parser.recover_until(level);
+        self.source_span.to = parser.last_visited_location();
+        self
+    }
+
+    fn sync_error_at(mut self, parser: &mut Parser<'src, 'arena>, level: SyncLevel) -> Self {
+        parser.recover_until(level);
+        self.source_span.to = parser.peek_location();
+        // If we're at end-of-file, this'll simply do nothing.
+        parser.advance();
+        self
+    }
+
+    fn unwrap_or_fallback(self, parser: &mut Parser<'src, 'arena>) -> () {
+        parser.handle_error(self);
+    }
+
+    fn report_error(self, parser: &mut Parser<'src, 'arena>) {
+        parser.handle_error(self);
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'src, 'arena> RecoveryFallback<'src, 'arena> for TokenLocation {
+    fn fallback_value(_: &Parser<'src, 'arena>, error: &ParseError) -> Self {
+        error.source_span.to
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'src, 'arena> RecoveryFallback<'src, 'arena> for crate::ast::ExpressionRef<'src, 'arena> {
+    fn fallback_value(parser: &Parser<'src, 'arena>, error: &ParseError) -> Self {
+        crate::arena::ArenaNode::new_in(
+            crate::ast::Expression::Error,
+            error.source_span,
+            parser.arena,
+        )
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'src, 'arena> RecoveryFallback<'src, 'arena> for crate::ast::StatementRef<'src, 'arena> {
+    fn fallback_value(parser: &Parser<'src, 'arena>, error: &ParseError) -> Self {
+        crate::arena::ArenaNode::new_in(
+            crate::ast::Statement::Error,
+            error.source_span,
+            parser.arena,
+        )
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'src, 'arena, T> RecoveryFallback<'src, 'arena> for Option<T>
+where
+    T: RecoveryFallback<'src, 'arena>,
+{
+    fn fallback_value(parser: &Parser<'src, 'arena>, error: &ParseError) -> Self {
+        Some(T::fallback_value(parser, error))
+    }
+}
diff --git a/rottlib/src/parser/trivia.rs b/rottlib/src/parser/trivia.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..407004e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/rottlib/src/parser/trivia.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,297 @@
+//! This module provides trivia token collection mechanism that lets parser code
+//! iterate over significant tokens while ignoring trivia and preserving
+//! full information for linting, formatting, and documentation.
+//!
+//! Tokens considered *trivia* are:
+//!
+//! 1. [`crate::lexer::Token::LineComment`];
+//! 2. [`crate::lexer::Token::BlockComment`];
+//! 3. [`crate::lexer::Token::Newline`];
+//! 4. [`crate::lexer::Token::Whitespace`].
+//!
+//! Every other token is considered *significant*.
+
+use crate::lexer::TokenLocation;
+
+/// Types of trivia tokens, corresponding directly to the matching variants of
+/// [`crate::lexer::Token`].
+#[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug, Hash, PartialEq, Eq)]
+pub(crate) enum TriviaKind {
+    Whitespace,
+    Newline,
+    LineComment,
+    BlockComment,
+}
+
+impl std::convert::TryFrom<crate::lexer::Token> for TriviaKind {
+    type Error = ();
+
+    fn try_from(token: crate::lexer::Token) -> Result<Self, Self::Error> {
+        use crate::lexer::Token;
+        match token {
+            Token::Whitespace => Ok(TriviaKind::Whitespace),
+            Token::Newline => Ok(TriviaKind::Newline),
+            Token::LineComment => Ok(TriviaKind::LineComment),
+            Token::BlockComment => Ok(TriviaKind::BlockComment),
+            _ => Err(()),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// Complete description of a trivia token.
+#[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug, Hash, PartialEq, Eq)]
+pub(crate) struct TriviaToken<'src> {
+    /// Specific type of the trivia.
+    pub kind: TriviaKind,
+    /// Actual content of the token.
+    pub text: &'src str,
+    /// Location of this trivia token in the token stream.
+    pub location: TokenLocation,
+}
+
+type TriviaRange = std::ops::Range<usize>;
+type TriviaMap = std::collections::HashMap<TriviaLocation, TriviaRange>;
+
+/// Immutable index over all recorded trivia.
+///
+/// Enables O(1) access to trivia immediately before/after any significant
+/// token, plus file-leading and file-trailing trivia. Returned slices alias
+/// internal storage and live for `'src`.
+#[derive(Clone, Debug, Default)]
+#[allow(dead_code)]
+pub(crate) struct TriviaIndex<'src> {
+    /// All trivia tokens, stored contiguously in file order.
+    tokens: Vec<TriviaToken<'src>>,
+    /// Maps token location to the trivia tokens stored right after it.
+    after_map: TriviaMap,
+    /// Maps token location to the trivia tokens stored right before it.
+    before_map: TriviaMap,
+}
+
+/// Extends [`TokenLocation`] with *start of file* value.
+///
+/// Regular [`TokenLocation`] does not need this value, but trivia requires
+/// a way to express "trivia before any significant token".
+#[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug, Hash, PartialEq, Eq, PartialOrd, Ord)]
+enum TriviaLocation {
+    /// Position before any tokens, trivia or otherwise.
+    StartOfFile,
+    /// This variant can also express "end of file" through
+    /// [`TokenLocation::EndOfFile`].
+    At(TokenLocation),
+}
+
+/// Mutable builder for `TriviaIndex`.
+///
+/// Used inside the parser to record trivia between successive significant
+/// tokens in file order, then frozen via `into_index`.
+#[derive(Debug, Default)]
+#[allow(dead_code)]
+pub(crate) struct TriviaComponent<'src> {
+    /// All trivia tokens, stored contiguously in file order.
+    tokens: Vec<TriviaToken<'src>>,
+    /// Maps token location to the trivia tokens stored right after it.
+    after_map: TriviaMap,
+    /// Maps token location to the trivia tokens stored right before it.
+    before_map: TriviaMap,
+    /// Location of the last gap's right boundary,
+    /// for debug-time invariant checks.
+    #[cfg(debug_assertions)]
+    last_right_boundary: Option<TriviaLocation>,
+}
+
+impl<'src> TriviaComponent<'src> {
+    /// Records trivia tokens that lie strictly between
+    /// `previous_token_location` and `next_token_location`.
+    ///
+    /// [`None`] for `previous_token_location` means beginning of file;
+    /// `next_token_location` may be [`TokenLocation::EndOfFile`].
+    ///
+    /// Empties `gap_trivia` without changing its capacity.
+    ///
+    /// Requirements (checked in debug builds):
+    /// - previous_token_location < next_token_location;
+    /// - calls are monotonic: each gap starts at or after the last end;
+    /// - `collected` is nonempty and strictly ordered by `location`;
+    /// - all `collected` lie strictly inside (prev, next).
+    pub(crate) fn record_between_locations(
+        &mut self,
+        previous_token_location: Option<TokenLocation>,
+        next_token_location: TokenLocation,
+        gap_trivia: &mut Vec<TriviaToken<'src>>,
+    ) {
+        #[cfg(debug_assertions)]
+        self.debug_assert_valid_recording_batch(
+            previous_token_location,
+            next_token_location,
+            &gap_trivia,
+        );
+
+        if gap_trivia.is_empty() {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        let previous_token_location = previous_token_location
+            .map(TriviaLocation::At)
+            .unwrap_or(TriviaLocation::StartOfFile);
+        let next_token_location = TriviaLocation::At(next_token_location);
+
+        let trivia_start = self.tokens.len();
+        self.tokens.append(gap_trivia);
+        let trivia_end = self.tokens.len();
+
+        self.after_map
+            .insert(previous_token_location, trivia_start..trivia_end);
+        self.before_map
+            .insert(next_token_location, trivia_start..trivia_end);
+    }
+
+    /// Freezes into an immutable, shareable index.
+    #[must_use]
+    #[allow(dead_code)]
+    pub(crate) fn into_index(self) -> TriviaIndex<'src> {
+        TriviaIndex {
+            tokens: self.tokens,
+            after_map: self.after_map,
+            before_map: self.before_map,
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Trivia immediately after the significant token at `location`.
+    ///
+    /// Returns an empty slice if `location` is not pointing at
+    /// a significant token or if no trivia was recorded after it.
+    #[must_use]
+    #[allow(dead_code)]
+    pub(crate) fn after_token(&self, location: TokenLocation) -> &[TriviaToken<'src>] {
+        self.slice_for(TriviaLocation::At(location), &self.after_map)
+    }
+
+    /// Trivia immediately before the significant token at `location`.
+    ///
+    /// Returns an empty slice if `location` is not pointing at
+    /// a significant token or if no trivia was recorded before it.
+    #[must_use]
+    #[allow(dead_code)]
+    pub(crate) fn before_token(&self, location: TokenLocation) -> &[TriviaToken<'src>] {
+        self.slice_for(TriviaLocation::At(location), &self.before_map)
+    }
+
+    /// Trivia before any significant token.
+    #[must_use]
+    #[allow(dead_code)]
+    pub(crate) fn after_file_start(&self) -> &[TriviaToken<'src>] {
+        self.slice_for(TriviaLocation::StartOfFile, &self.after_map)
+    }
+
+    /// Trivia after the last significant token.
+    #[must_use]
+    #[allow(dead_code)]
+    pub(crate) fn before_file_end(&self) -> &[TriviaToken<'src>] {
+        self.slice_for(
+            TriviaLocation::At(TokenLocation::EndOfFile),
+            &self.before_map,
+        )
+    }
+
+    // Helper: return the recorded slice or an empty slice if none.
+    #[track_caller]
+    #[allow(dead_code)]
+    fn slice_for(&self, key: TriviaLocation, map: &TriviaMap) -> &[TriviaToken<'src>] {
+        if let Some(range) = map.get(&key) {
+            // Ranges are guaranteed to be valid by construction
+            &self.tokens[range.start..range.end]
+        } else {
+            &[]
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Debug-only validation for `record_between_locations`'s contract.
+    #[cfg(debug_assertions)]
+    fn debug_assert_valid_recording_batch(
+        &mut self,
+        previous_token_location: Option<TokenLocation>,
+        next_token_location: TokenLocation,
+        collected: &[TriviaToken<'src>],
+    ) {
+        // Prevent zero-width or reversed gaps
+        debug_assert!(previous_token_location < Some(next_token_location));
+        let previous_token_location = previous_token_location
+            .map(TriviaLocation::At)
+            .unwrap_or(TriviaLocation::StartOfFile);
+        let next_token_location = TriviaLocation::At(next_token_location);
+        // Enforce monotonic gaps: we record in file order
+        if let Some(last_right) = self.last_right_boundary {
+            debug_assert!(previous_token_location >= last_right);
+        }
+        self.last_right_boundary = Some(next_token_location);
+        let first_trivia_location = collected
+            .first()
+            .map(|token| TriviaLocation::At(token.location))
+            .expect("Provided trivia tokens array should not be empty.");
+        let last_trivia_location = collected
+            .last()
+            .map(|token| TriviaLocation::At(token.location))
+            .expect("Provided trivia tokens array should not be empty.");
+        // Ensure trivia lies strictly inside the gap
+        debug_assert!(previous_token_location < first_trivia_location);
+        debug_assert!(next_token_location > last_trivia_location);
+        // Ensure trivia locations are strictly increasing
+        debug_assert!(
+            collected
+                .windows(2)
+                .all(|window| window[0].location < window[1].location)
+        );
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'src> TriviaIndex<'src> {
+    /// Trivia immediately after the significant token at `location`.
+    ///
+    /// Returns an empty slice if `location` is not pointing at
+    /// a significant token or if no trivia was recorded after it.
+    #[must_use]
+    #[allow(dead_code)]
+    pub(crate) fn after_token(&self, location: TokenLocation) -> &[TriviaToken<'src>] {
+        self.slice_for(TriviaLocation::At(location), &self.after_map)
+    }
+
+    /// Trivia immediately before the significant token at `location`.
+    ///
+    /// Returns an empty slice if `location` is not pointing at
+    /// a significant token or if no trivia was recorded before it.
+    #[must_use]
+    #[allow(dead_code)]
+    pub(crate) fn before_token(&self, location: TokenLocation) -> &[TriviaToken<'src>] {
+        self.slice_for(TriviaLocation::At(location), &self.before_map)
+    }
+
+    /// Trivia before any significant token.
+    #[must_use]
+    #[allow(dead_code)]
+    pub(crate) fn after_file_start(&self) -> &[TriviaToken<'src>] {
+        self.slice_for(TriviaLocation::StartOfFile, &self.after_map)
+    }
+
+    /// Trivia after the last significant token.
+    #[must_use]
+    #[allow(dead_code)]
+    pub(crate) fn before_file_end(&self) -> &[TriviaToken<'src>] {
+        self.slice_for(
+            TriviaLocation::At(TokenLocation::EndOfFile),
+            &self.before_map,
+        )
+    }
+
+    // Helper: return the recorded slice or an empty slice if none.
+    #[track_caller]
+    #[allow(dead_code)]
+    fn slice_for(&self, key: TriviaLocation, map: &TriviaMap) -> &[TriviaToken<'src>] {
+        if let Some(range) = map.get(&key) {
+            // Ranges are guaranteed to be valid by construction
+            &self.tokens[range.start..range.end]
+        } else {
+            &[]
+        }
+    }
+}